BEAUTIFUL VIEW

Like humans, machines innards must be always healthy and clean. That's why the air filter is so important. When the device filters the air to fuel quality is not functioning properly, the incoming air with the fuel into the engine room is sometimes mixed with dust and disrupt the performance of the machine. The simplest cause engine 'coughed'.

For that, we should always be careful in choosing the air filter on the market. Indeed, maintenance is relatively easy, just remove the filter from the nest, then spray compressor. Only, if not treated properly, may not be very long service life.

Various brands of air filter is very abundant in the market today. Of which are made of cardboard and a standard vehicle spare parts. Listening to various types of air filters on the market, surely take care of different ways. Because of this, look at the trick to keep the filter clean and well maintained.

To filter made of cardboard, at best, just the remaining life of approximately 2500 km to 5000 km. The rest, should be replaced immediately. Because of the weakness of this filter, in particular the lifetime, the surface of the cardboard into 'hairy'. If this is allowed, soft flakes mixed with the dust that can come into the 'kitchen spur' alias combustion chamber. Side effects, the cylindrical surface will be scratched.

Caring cardboard filter, is relatively easy. Lift the filter from the nest, then clean with an air compressor. If necessary, use the edge of the filter handle of a screwdriver to knock the dust of the inherent loss of all.

Unlike the filter is made of sponge. Generally able to hold up to 15,000 miles or one year life. As light as this one, take care of him too easily. Dip a sponge into the water filter, and wash detergent use. Once completely clean, dry with aerated or dried in the sun but do not let the sun hit it directly. After drying, the filter ready to be installed again.

To filter made from cotton fibers, a different story. This one, rather treatment is expensive, due to be cleared to use a special fluid. For K & N for example, there is a solution of cleaner itself. Cleaning consists of a special soap and oil is, its use is rather special.

Once the filter is removed from his house, then the air filter devices pull until all the dust and dirt falling all. However, when the 'knock' the air filter, try using a soft ground, such as tires for example.

The next stage of the filter is flush with running water and then sprayed with a special soap solution. After settling for about 5 minutes, the filter is then flushed again with water. The process is repeated until the remaining washing water looks clear.

Before the application of the oil is done, the filter must be dried. There are two recommended ways, ie, the first with a hair dryer or a compressor, but with the wind pressure as low as possible. End of the treatment process of air filter covered with a special basting oil.

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THE MACHINATIONS of CEO Alan Mulally over the past two and a half years have given Ford a stronger balance sheet than the other two

domestic automakers—Ford alone said it didn’t need an emergency loan from the U.S. government—but the company’s relative fi nancial health hasn’t been refl ected in its rolling stock. Now, a series of recent new-car

introductions have us impressed, and optimistic, about Ford’s future. The fi rst, in December, was for the 2010 Fusion [see page 42]. Ford took the opportunity of a midcycle  update—usually an occasion for little more than a new fascia and some mild primping—to give its mid-size sedan, already earning kudos for its reliability, a surprisingly thorough makeover, topped by the addition of a very accomplished hybrid model that sets a new benchmark for fuel economy among family sedans and is also a

pleasure to drive. Next came three Detroit auto show reveals. The Shelby GT500 version of Ford’s restyled 2010 pony car should help keep the fi re burning for the Mustang faithful. Less exciting, perhaps, but far more impressive is the Lincoln MKT. It’s a platform mate to the Ford Flex, but it looks absolutely unrelated to that

AUTOMOBILEMAG.COM

www.fantamag.com

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The car door is a very important part of the vehicle to be treated, thus ensuring the safety and comfort when riding. Car doors often go unnoticed owners, whereas in case of damage can be dangerous.

As a result For example, if the glass is brittle rails so that water can get into the door and windows to make the driving mechanism of oxidation. So that when the ups and downs of the glass will feel heavy and must be assisted by hand. Not to mention the sound of creaking, and players can jam glass instantly. Likewise, the handle of the door, if the lubricant to dry out the door opening mechanism, the door will be difficult to open.

Things to Do

The following maintenance tips, you should be at least 6 months:

1. Provide necessary equipment such as a screwdriver plus and min, brushes, diesel, grease and lubricant spray.

2. Open the panel cover (door trim) with the glass down to the bottom. Open the bolt handle and the handle with a screwdriver plus. Then the player off the glass with a gouged lever pin.

3. Open the door with a screwdriver mencungkilnya min. For cars with 'power window' off switch. Note the glass casing (weather strip) clean disposable brush dirt and diesel. Wait until dry. Or wash with soap and water after cleaning with a dry cloth.

4. Clean teeth and brush with fat. Also gear drive motor to the use of power windows. Lubricate the player's arm, and this claim also.

5. Check the regulator shaft balancer, also top and bottom rail regulator drive shaft. Clean up with diesel and then spread with fat.

6. Set the glass is tilted by raising a glass and a half and loosen the two bolts under the counterweight. After that push the glass back and tighten the screw pengimbangnya.

7. Consider opening the outer door, check whether there is a shift if it is enabled. If yes, lubricate with a spray lubricant. When spraying, check all door openings to play outside and inside.

8. Check the door lock rod of iron. Especially the bottom of the drive key. Clean if corroded or dirty and spray lubricant.

9. If you are finished reattach the door panel, for the power windows do not forget to put the switch back.

fr.indosiar.com

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The air-polluting effects of internal-combustion engines were not  recognized until the early 1960s. Up until that time, improvements in power output and exhaust noise were the main areas of development.1 The driving force for change originated in the first measures to control air pollution, which were introduced in the smog-bound city of Los Angeles, USA. Controls for exhaust gases from motor vehicles were introduced in Japan and Europe soon afterwards. These early measures were focused on carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbon (HC).

The use of oxidizing catalysts to convert HC and CO has been mandated

under exhaust gas regulations in the USA and Japan since 1975. The main

components of the early catalysts were base metals such as Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Cr.2 However, these were found to degrade over time, and precious metal catalysts were introduced to address problems of sulfur poisoning and metal evaporation. Unleaded petrol was developed because it was found that the lead in petrol coated the catalysts and made them ineffective.

An exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system was introduced to decrease NOx emissions, but catalysts to remove NOx were not legally required until 1978. Regulations introduced in Japan (1978) and the USA (1981) required a further decrease in NOx emissions, and although the oxidizing catalyst system addressed HC and CO requirements, various controls in the engine were necessary to decrease NOx. As a result, power output fell and fuel consumption increased.

The first vehicle with a three-way catalyst was marketed in 1977, although it was not introduced for European cars until 1993. A system combining a three-way catalyst with electronic fuel injection (EFI) and oxygen sensors has now become the standard in petrol engines for cars. The three-way catalyst system reduces exhaust emissions after warming up, but recent legislation on emissions now requires a further decrease in pollutants, and reducing emissions at cold start is an important issue.

The science and technology of materials in

automotive engines

Hiroshi Yamagata

Woodhead Publishing and Maney Publishing

on behalf of

The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining

CRC Press

Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC

WOODHEAD PUBLISHING LIMITED

Cambridge England

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One of the most vital tool found in a vehicle is the brakes. I do not know any of the vehicles, because among the many causes of injury caused by motor vehicle, one of which are due to the brakes. Therefore must be observed if you want to travel with a good drive in the city or out of the city, should always pay attention to brakes that are on your vehicle, especially in the car.

According to Gunawan Indrajati, Service Manager at Toyota Tunas dibilangan Mampang located in South Jakarta, "there are a variety of things to do in a car braking system is disrupted, even at the extreme conditions that is, not the proper functioning of a number of indicators on the braking system can cause the brakes on the car relieved. "

If the braking system on the car does not work well, there are several possible causes for the occurrence of the matter, namely:

A. The brakes are worn-out canvas

Two. Available on a sliding caliper, usually dirty and rusty and do not work as befits the caliper.

Three. Not functioning due to caliper brake oil leak that there are rubber seals wear.

Because the system and how it works is quite complicated, it is recommended to bring the car to the nearest car workshops, or in a workshop that has been shown to improve the braking system. But if you only have to fix their own home, or while they are in travel, probably a good idea if the steps below:

A. Remove the tire from the axle of wheel (if the braking system with brake disc braking device then you might see,

if using the lid on Tromol Tromol or drum brake device must be opened first so that braking can be seen).

Two. After that check the brake canvas, but you should know before, which is still good brakes canvas and is not eligible to apply again. (Do brake replacement on canvas that has been damaged).

Three. If it appears there are no abnormalities seen on canvas brake, disc brake for that use, it does not tend caliper

function properly as a result of the sliding bolts rust even dirty, open the sliding bolt with wrench, then clean the dengankain clean and when there is rust you can clean them with a fairly coarse sandpaper and give it fat enough.

4. While in the braking system that uses Tromol,

likely the problem is in the wheel cylinder brake canvas as a starting point.

Five. Brake oil leak is usually so relieved to make the brakes, check the rubber seal found on the caliper, if there is oil wetting liquid rubber seal on the seal replacement done immediately.

To avoid the occurrence of the things that you do not want on your vehicle braking system, a good idea to do periodic checks on a routine basis at designated workshops. "It is recommended that periodic checks on the braking system performed on each vehicle reaches 10,000 miles, and a further 10,000 kilometers of each multiplier." Says Gunawan Indrajati close chat.

Ahmad Garuda

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The early history of transportation systems starts mainly with the horse drawn carriage.This was eventually surpassed by the invention of the automobile. Early automobiles had cabin spaces that were open to the outside environment.This means that the occupants had to adjust there clothing to allow for different weather conditions. Closed cabin spaces were eventually introduced which required heating, cooling and ventilating to meet customer expectations. Early heating systems

included heating clay bricks and placing them inside the vehicle or using simple fuel burners to add heat to the vehicle’s interior.Ventilation inside the vehicle was achieved through opening or tilting windows or the windscreen; vents were added to doors and bulkhead to improve air circulation and louvred panels were the equivalent to our modern air ducts. Air flow was difficult to control because it was dependent upon the vehicle speed and sometimes would allow dirty,humid air which contained fumes to enter the interior from the engine compartment. Cooling could be as simple as having a block of ice inside the vehicle and allowing it to melt! Eventually a number of design problems were overcome, these included air vents at the base of the  windscreen for natural flow ventilation and electric motors to increase the flow at low speeds. Eventually heat

exchangers were introduced which used either the heat from the exhaust system or water from the cooling system as a source, to heat the inside of the vehicle cabin. Early cabin cooling systems were aftermarket sourced and worked on evaporative cooling.They consisted of a box or cylinder fitted to the window of the vehicle.The intake of the unit would allow air to enter from outside and travel through a water soaked wire mesh grille and excelsior cone inside the unit.The water would evaporate due to absorbing the heat in the air and travel through the outlet of the unit which acted as a feed to the inside of the vehicle.The water was held in a reservoir inside the unit and had to be topped up to keep the cone wet otherwise the unit would not operate.The air entering the vehicle would be cool if the relative humidity of the air entering the unit was low. If the relative humidity of the air was high then the water could not evaporate.When the unit was working

effectively it would deliver cool saturated water vapour to the inside of the vehicle which raised the humidity levels.These units were only really effective in countries with very low humidity.

In 1939 Packard marketed the first mechanical automotive A/C system which worked on a closed cycle. The system used a compressor, condenser, receiver drier and evaporator (fitted inside the boot/trunk) to operate the system. The only system control was a blower switch.

Packard marketing campaign included:‘Forget the heat this summer in the only air-conditioned car in the world.’ The major problem with the system was that the compressor operated continuously (had no clutch) and had to have the belt removed to disengage the system which was generally during the winter months. Over the period 1940–41 a number of manufacturers made vehicles with A/C systems but these were in small volume and not designed for the masses. It wasn’t until after World War II that Cadillac advertised a new feature for the A/C system that located the A/C controls on the rear parcel shelf, which meant that the driver had to climb into the back seat to switch the system off.This was still better than reaching under the  bonnet/hood to remove the drive belt. In 1954–55 Nash-Kelvinator introduced air-conditioning for the mass market. It was an A/C unit that was compact and affordable with controls on the dash and an electric clutch.

Automotive Air-conditioning and

Climate Control Systems

Steven Daly

BEng, BA (Hons), IEng, Cert Ed, MIMI, LAE, MSAE

Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford

Paris • San Diego • San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo

Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier

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When your car in a state of 'fit', it will issue a 'sound' normal engine and a steady voice. But, one day, your car out 'sounds' strange and 'mysterious'. You need to know that kind of 'sound' strange vehicles that could be indicative of disruption or instability in your car. 

The sound of squeaking

When you turn on the car, having no use for a while, or when the engine speed increases sound 'squeak'. Most likely the voice was coming from fan belt (fan belt) that slip, because 'it ketegangan' reduced. Try to set back and look at the field geseknya, if the surface is smooth and shiny, it means that the fan belt has lost its grip on the pulley. Therefore, immediately replace with a new fan belt.

Knocking or 'Metallic Rattling'

The term is often used for this type of 'sound' is ngelithik. This sound is caused by the combustion process is not perfect. Generally, the result of too low octane of fuel used or the engine overheating. Symptoms of excessive ngelitik can cause damage to the piston. If it sounds a little arise when accelerated, can be ignored. Even so, you should ask your mechanic to check the machine, for his ngelitik missing.

Timing Belt

The sound of knock 'Serious'

When the engine knocking noise like someone was hitting the iron, it could be your car's engine was damaged badly enough. Maybe metal (rod bearing) or piston damaged handlebars. Do not be forced to run a car, because it will aggravate the damage.

Hissing Sound

Could be one of the vacuum hose disconnected or leaking. Usually followed by tesendatnya spin machine. Detecting sound like this quite difficult, so the need of accuracy. Please re-enter the vacuum hose off, or just replace if it is leaking.

When the car brakes squeak sound

Although the car brakes work perfectly and canvas new brakes, it could be any noise 'squeaky'. Generally due to dirty geseknya surface. Try cleaning or replacing brake canvas that is designed to eliminate noise.

Inter-Metal Friction sound when braking

That means the layer or canvas brake friction surface is too thin, or even lost, resulting in inter-metal friction. This condition can lead to much reduced braking capability. Then, immediately replace your car brake canvas.

Hissing Sound "Power Steering"

This sound arises on cars with power steering, while the wheel rotated. Due to the shortage of oil or power steering pump power steering system damage. Generally followed by heavy rotation on the steering wheel. Add oil power steering, if less, or visit a special workshop to repair power steering.

Ban Checks

The knocking sound Turning The Front Wheel

These symptoms generally occur in cars driven by the front wheels. The cause, damage to the balls in the CV joint, since wrapping the rubber breaks, so that 'fat' alias gelpelumas in it have been exhausted. This condition will worsen if not immediately corrected.

The knocking sound When Moving Teeth 'Porsneling'

The sound of a knock that arise from under the car when moving the position of the teeth, stepping on the gas pedal or lift suddenly. Generally caused by damage to power the router system, engorgement of cross-axle joint or damage to teeth.

fr. KapanLagi.com

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As evident in the ULSAB programme, hydroformed tube has significant potential in the consideration of parts consolidation especially for the more rugged applications such as the 4 × 4 sector which also allows a little more freedom of construction. The background and other weight-saving technologies demonstrated by the ULSAB initiative are gathered together in Chapter 4 but from a design viewpoint it is instructive to

consider the recent study which evaluated the possible advantages in incorporating hydroformed structural elements within the Land Rover Freelander.

Described in a recent IBEC conference,16 it is worth highlighting to show how potentially good ideas can be evaluated under realistic conditions, while defraying costs and resources of two major organizations. In this instance the design data for the recently developed Freelander was immediately to hand and could be relatively easily modified to allow an immediate comparison of new and conventional structures.

The opportunity was also presented to allow full vehicle testing of a new concept rather than the body-only exercise with the ULSAB sedan, relying on FE modelling to predict performance.

The Land Rover Freelander was chosen as the focus for this programme principally due to the maturity of the development programme for the vehicle and the design package which allowed application to either smaller or larger products. Although a Land Rover (hitherto body-on-chassis design), the body is of monocoque or unitary construction, and the incorporation of a rigid sectional product seemed a natural choice for a rugged off-road performer.

The final configuration of hydroformed components incorporated in the design is shown in Fig. 2.34 and followed an extremely detailed study. It is worth mentioning that the normal procedure is to work to a controlled pre-development plan whereby the features of a new design are compared with the original, a cost-effective manufacturing route defined and rigorous testing of new components undertaken. The whole process is regulated with frequent timing reviews and concurrence obtained before proceeding through successive ‘gateways’ or decision points. These pre-concept stages constituting the ‘creative’ phase, gateways and process steps are illustrated in Fig. 2.35(a):

During this evaluation the advantages of the hydroformed sections will have been assessed, first, to confirm weight and space saving potential allowed by shape characteristics, Fig. 2.35(b) and second, as shown in Fig. 2.36 in comparison with other possible methods that could produce similar savings.

It was essential for comparisons involving joints and flange replacement that the welds were accurately modelled. For normal press steel box sections the assumption is made that flangeless sections are used and no allowance is made for distinguishing between alternative joining methods. However, it was critical for this new type of hydroformed joint that the joining method was represented more accurately and solid elements were used to represent adhesives and rigid bars positioned at the centre of flanges to simulate spot welds, Fig. 2.37.10 The various design iterations can then proceed to determine sections and joints which would  probably benefit most from alternative hydroformed sections.

Comparison of hydroformed with conventional parts and the stages in the manufacture from tube are shown in Fig. 2.38. The ‘Application’ phase comprised manufacture of the prototype parts illustrated in Fig. 2.38, using representative methods by a number of key tube hydroform suppliers, and finally a build and test programme to validate the advantages of the modified structure. The findings are summarized in Fig. 2.39.

The results shown in Fig. 2.39, and from crash and durability testing, demonstrated that the revised structure was equivalent in performance to the Freelander while torsional stiffness was markedly improved. However, starting a completely new model programme without the constraints of an existing body it is highly likely that far more significant weight savings and parts consolidation could have been achieved. Manufacturing feasibility was also demonstrated so opportunities can now be determined in the forward model programme.

Materials for Automobile Bodies

Geoff Davies F.I.M., M.Sc. (Oxon)

AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD

PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO

Butterworth-Heinemann

An imprint of Elsevier

Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP

200 Wheeler Road, Burlington MA 01803

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The engine is producing power. Components are arranged in this work very much. Among the most vital is the cylinder block (engine block), cylinder head (cylinder head), pistons, piston rings, connecting rod (piston handlebar), and the crankshaft (crankshaft). In addition, there is also a valve mechanism consisting of a camshaft (nok shaft), valve lifter, pushrod, timing belt (timing chain) and valve (valve). But, do not forget one thing that also helped drive the machine. Namely, fuel.

Whether or not the employment components in the machine is very dependent on the quality and quantity of oil and water radiators. In addition, it is important also consider setting-adjustment (tune-up). Although the condition of the engine components depending on the oil, radiator water and tune-ups, in terms of maintenance and inspection of the car, it does not mean not important to know how to work the engine to produce power.

In principle, when the engine starts the starter, will rotate the crankshaft connecting rod moves. Because the connecting rod moves, pistons and piston rings part moves up and down. At the time the crankshaft rotates, the timing belt will deliver the movement of the crankshaft to the shaft so that the nok nok shaft will also rotate. Nok shaft rotation make the valve open and closed.

The cars are now generally use a 4 stroke engine. That means, for the discharge power, the engine 4 stroke piston to 4 steps. Four steps are suction, compression, effort (power) and exhaust.

In the suction step, the piston moves from top dead point (TDC) to bottom dead point (TMB). At that time, the suction valve opens and the exhaust valve closes. When the suction valve opens, fuel will be sucked into the combustion chamber. At the same time, the crank shaft 90 moves the first degree.

In the compression stage, the piston moves from the TMA TMB. In this step, the valve is closed. Because closed, the piston rises. The rise of the piston to make the engine narrower. This resulted in a narrowing of the temperature and fuel pressure go up. Here, the crank shaft 90 moves the second degree.

At the time the crankshaft position 5 degrees before TDC, a spark from the spark plug came out. Sparks that burn fuel in the combustion chamber. Burning produces pressure that will push the piston so that it moves from TDC to the TMB. At the same time, both valves closed. This is called a step effort (power). Here, the crank shaft 90 moves to the third degree.

The next step is wasted. At this time the piston moves from the TMA TMB. The exhaust valve is open while the suction valve is closed. The piston movement resulting from the combustion exhaust gas driven towards the exhaust. Fourth piston moves 90 degrees.

These steps will occur repeatedly in accordance with the rotation of the crankshaft. With the rotary engine was producing power. This power will be used to drive the wheels. In addition to the wheels, power is also sent to the functional components for the survival of the machine. For example, the ignition system, fuel system, charging, and comfort systems such as air conditioning, power steering.

The successor to the Wheel

Power from the engine components were delivered by a medium called the successor. To drive the wheels for example, there is some kind of successor to power. Among the front-wheel drive and rear-wheel drive. And there are also four-wheel drive or all at once commonly known 4WD (wheel drive).

Rear-wheel drive models, for example, the device is the successor to the clutch, transmission, propeller shaft (coupling), axle, axles (axle shaft), wheel bearings and the wheels themselves. Front-wheel drive is also aided by the use of devices that, unless the propeller shaft. There is an additional device for 4WD called the transfer. In addition, the coupling device also features 4WD front, rear, front-rear axle, and front and rear axles.

This clutch has a very important role in deciding and connect power from the engine to the transmission. To support its work, in the clutch there is a canvas clutch, coverclutch (sun), release bearing (ball bearing). If the clutch is not functioning properly, then the power generated to drive the vehicle is reduced. In fact, the vehicle can not walk. Can also cause damage to the clutch to shift gear transmission difficulties. Some of the causes of the clutch is not working properly, either because of age or it could be due to the use of less exactly the way you drive.

Therefore, the coupling should also be checked frequently. There are conventional ways to check to clutch. Turn on the machine, then enter your vehicle into gear transmission gear 2. After it stepped on the gas pedal and brake pedal simultaneously. If your engine off means the clutch is still thick canvas. But if your engine still alive means that means the clutch is clutch slip and canvas needs to be replaced.

What is also important to examine is the transmission. This serves to set the transmission speed of the vehicle or the moment. It sends power to the axle via the coupling. If he is not functioning properly, or may be going wrong usage, your engine could die, or maybe pull heavy and limp.

The easiest signs to see whether or not your car transmission work is to do a gearshift. If the displacement teeth easily, does not sound strange noises when the car skids, it means either. In addition to driving, the transmission of health also depends on the quality and quantity of oil.

In the rear-wheel drive and 4WD model, there are between the transmission and axle coupling work. Its main function for the stable to swing the car due to road surface changes. Due to different road surfaces, the coupling is equipped with a universal joint. These tools served to adjust the angle changes to the road surface. This will affect your driving comfort. If the universal joint is jammed, then the continuation power will not be maximized. In addition, the vehicle body will vibrate while sliding. If your car body vibration and excessive feel different, you should replace the universal joint or coupling balance.

So also with the axle. Its function is very important. It serves to change rotation of the coupling to 90 degrees and zoom in moments. In addition, it also serves to distinguish the left and right wheel when turning.

Symptoms of damage to the axle can be detected by a buzzing sound coming out of the axle. For lubricating oils that need to be checked and re sets the teeth on the axle intersection.

Components of the power transfer is not less important is the axle shaft and bearing. The second component serves to continue the effort and softens the drive wheels spin. To maximize component life, adjust to the use of the vehicle load limits have been determined. And to check the wheel bearings can be done by listening to sounds or by wiggling its tires, both front and rear.

The successor to the Comfort Components and Survival Machines

In addition to drive the wheels, engine power is also used to drive the components associated with the survival of the machine and rider comfort. These components are Timing Belt (for certain types), Van alternator belt, belt Van Air Conditioning (AC) and Van power steering belt.

Timing belt went round play of the crankshaft to the shaft nok. Its own rooftop duty drive shaft valves, rotating distributor (Delco) in the ignition system. Nok shaft also serves to drive a petrol pump in the fuel system (in the conventional type).

Because the timing belt life and death plays a role against the machine, it needs periodic maintenance. Each car has different specifications. Usually for passenger cars based on the timing belt replacement mileage of about 50,000 s / d 60,000 km are shown on the odometer.

When you are up to that number, you should replace the timing belt. Can not be replaced if broken. Therefore, the timing belt is made of special rubber. And when broken, the engine can strike even cause the valves and cylinder head (cylinder head) can be bent or deformed. When that happens, the cost of repairs will be much more expensive.

Van Alternator belt serves to drive the dynamo ampere (alternator) to the charging system, and to drive the water pump (water pump) on the cooling system. When the van was broken belt, can result in electric cars do not work. Even the engine breaking down. Also, it can also result in vehicles having engine overheating (overheating).

Van belt Air Conditioning (AC) function to move the AC compressor. If the van is loose or broken belt, vehicle air conditioning work will be disrupted. This means that the rider failed to get the comfort of air conditioning.

While Van Power steering belt serves to drive the power steering pump. When the van was broken belt, steer the car to be heavy, especially on parking conditions.

Well, because the van belt has a very important role, then there are some things to check on the condition of this van belt. Examination can be done by looking at the van belt. Check the possibility of rubber on the bottom of a separate core, the core edge and core separate van belt. Or, it may also occur cracks, separation separation van belt ribs, ribs, ribs torn or cracked ribs on the ridge of van belt. Try also tapped van belt. In this way, you can test the belt tension and tightness van.

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Engine lubricants have been found to both increase and reduce valve and seat wear,

depending on the additive composition and the amount of oil that reaches the valve/seat interface.

In inlet valves, liquid film lubrication is most dominant as temperatures are not usually high enough to volatilize the lubricant hydrocarbons and additives. Exhaust valves, however, are predominantly lubricated by solid films formed at the higher operating temperatures by oil additive ash compounds such as alkaline-earth and other metal oxides, sulphates, and phosphates (e.g. calcium, barium, magnesium, sodium, zinc, and molybdenum). Very thin metal oxide films have been found to be beneficial in reducing

valve wear [21]. Too much solid film lubricant, however, can be detrimental and lead to valve guttering or torching due to flaking (as described in Sections 3.3 and 3.4).

E N G I N E E R I N G R E S E A R C H S E R I E S

Automotive Engine Valve Recession

R Lewis and R S Dwyer-Joyce

Series Editor

Duncan Dowson

Professional Engineering Publishing Limited,

London and Bury St Edmunds, UK

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For Those WHO have high mobility and relies Heavily on private automobiles, would not only be Able and capable than the wheel chair. Know the vehicle That Became the most dependable sidekick also requires attention not less.

Unfortunately, Sometimes due to the high level of activity and energy draining activities throughout the week, it's hard to find spare time to give more attention to this one friend. Until symptoms Appear malfunction of vehicle components, then we realized the lack of attention in terms of vehicle maintenance.

No need to panic, as long as you can identify what happened to malfunctions Immediately car.Nah, general malfunctions are common conditions:

* Smoke

* Disturbance and needle indicator lights

* Leakage, excessive fluid

* Tires

* Lighting system

* Body and paint

* Wiper Problems

Sometimes the disorder is actually trivial, simply Because lack of understanding, problem - a problem of panic rider can make, and Generally struck a woman rider.

ASAP

Cause malfunctioning smoke machines when the vehicle we operate, could be:

* Excess Smoke From Exhaust

* Gray Smoke From Exhaust

* White Smoke and Air Out Of Exhaust

* Black Smoke From Exhaust

* The smoke from the engine hood

* White smoke accompanied by the smell of burning rubber

* Smoke Of Wheels

Excess Smoke From Exhaust

You can see the oil is below the level of oil change, and unprecedented. Oil Well That also burned in the engine combustion process is the emergence of That excessive smoke. These conditions will the make-the vehicle does not have the power runway as usual. If allowed to go on, then for the long term will not bother you. What enables this to occur are:

A. PCV system is not functioning properly.

2. Several machine is broken in places.

3. Worn valve seals.

4. Engine Piston ring worn out.

Gray Smoke From Exhaust

The emergence of gray smoke when the vehicle distater, and Sometimes these spaces exist after the machine finished heated issue though not too real. You need to Observe whether the excess smoke in this condition was gradually getting worse Because It indicates the level of damage.

Possible Cause:

A. Worn piston rings.

2. Valve began the the which worn worn valve guides.

3. Damaged or defective valve worn valve guides. [ERF / eng]

White Smoke and Air Out Of Exhaust

You can tell from the number of smoke coming out from the exhaust accompanied by water even though the the which Continues the car has been heated long enough. Like other excess smoke, this will be a serious problem if left there for the long term.

Possible Cause:

A. The presence of fluid (oil) into the manifold transmission.

2. Gaskets from cylinder engine replaced it's time

3. Engine cylinder head covered with something, or even experience

cracks.

4. The existence of cracks in engine blocks.

Black Smoke From Exhaust

If smoke comes out of your vehicle exhaust is black and quite thick, Certainly Could not you just see it cleary, but also other road users WHO would "disturbed". The more severe the problem of your machine, then automatically this smoke will be more black and thick.

Possible Cause:

A. If the vehicle still uses carburetors, could be a choke

carburetor is closed.

2. The existence of leaks in the fuel injection system.

3. Blockage of water filters.

4. Interference to ignition engine.

Smoke From Engine Hood

If this Happens, usually the make-the driver panicked, ESPECIALLY if it was during the super street clock. Not the panic That you need, but attention! Mean Machine That has troubled you pay attention for a long time.

Possible Cause:

A. If the smell of smoke arising from oil, there is

engine oil leak.

2. If white smoke arising from the color, could be the

radiator leak

3. If black or blue smoke flavor accompanied

sting, that's a sign of electrical disturbance and

note whether there is a burning cable. [ERF / eng]

Accompanied White Smoke Burned Rubber Odor

This includes one of the fastest disturbance smoke panicked motorists. And rightly you panic, but still, you need to identify possible Causes. If you are in the middle of the highway, vehicles edge Immediately place That do not cause congestion for other road users. Immediately turn off the engine and locate the origin of the odor like burning rubber. If you find there is a burning, of course you should take to extinguish the new fire emergency to find out the cause of the fire. The complexity, the engine can Suddenly vehicle on fire without any previous signs.

Possible Cause:

A. Fan belt is loose and interfere with the function of the machine

other.

2. Engine overheating

3. The existence of a short circuit in the electrical system of vehicle

4. That damage to the machine has a fan belt.

Smoke Of Wheels

You can only see the smoke That Appears when you have a vehicle then in the stop position. When the vehicle is running, it may be difficult,, to distinguish smoke with smoke emerging from the wheel. Do not think That the emergence of smoke from the wheels of a sudden this happened. In fact already there is damage you do not know, and Become more severe over time.

Possible Cause:

A. Disc brake caliper from highly corrupted

2. Hand brake is still in a state of active (not removed when

driven vehicles).

3. The presence of damage to the brake drum.

4. Overheat brake rotors.

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Congress has strong interests in future automotive innovation. First, the technologies and vehicle systems promise to increase substantially automotive fuel economy, which would reduce the oil use and carbon dioxide emissions of the U.S. and worldwide fleet of automobiles and light

trucks. U.S. oil imports have recently reached 50 percent of total U.S. oil consumption, and the Energy Information Administration projects that imports will reach 60 percent by 2010, if technological improvement continues in a “business as usual” manner. These increases in import

levels have strong implications for U.S. energy and economic security (see box 2-2), and a sharp decrease in these imports would represent an important benefit to the nation. Moreover, the spread of such technologies worldwide could ease pressures on global oil markets.

The reductions in carbon dioxide emissions may be a substantial benefit, as well. Carbon dioxide is a “greenhouse gas” that traps heat in the atmosphere. Scientists fear that increasing levels of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, will cause substantial warming of the earth’s atmosphere and extremely negative impacts on society (see box 2-3). The United States is the world’s largest source of greenhouse gases, and its fleet of light-duty vehicles is responsible for about 15 percent of its total emissions. The United States is a party to international agreements that call for all nations to reduce their greenhouse emissions; a rapid shift to more fuel-efficient automotive technology would greatly simplify the task of complying with these international commitments.

Second, some of the advanced technologies may reduce emissions of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides and thus help reduce urban concentrations of ozone. Many U.S. citizens live in urban areas that still do not comply with national ambient air quality standards for ozone. Box 2- 4 (at the end of this chapter) discusses several air quality and emissions issues associated with light-duty vehicles.

Third, Congress also has oversight responsibilities for federal expenditures of several hundred million dollars yearly for R&D on advanced automotive technologies. This oversight encompasses PNGV and other programs, as well as the Environmental Protection Agency’s decisionmaking about the application of the Ozone Transport Commission and several northeastern states to adopt all or part of California’s LEV program, including its ZEV mandates. Understanding the technical promise, state of development, and potential costs of the candidate technologies will be essential to exercising this oversight.

Fourth, the automotive industry and industries directly related to it5 are a critical sector of the U.S. economy, employing an estimated 4.6 million people and accounting for 5 percent of all U.S. employment in 1991.6 Motor vehicle manufacturers and suppliers generated annual shipments totaling $236 billion in 1992--4 percent of the Gross Domestic Product.7 Sales of assembled vehicles and vehicle parts are fiercely competitive, with foreign-owned automakers capturing 25 percent of U.S. passenger car sales and 23.7 percent of the vehicle parts and accessories markets in 1991. * All three domestic manufacturers export vehicles, and both Ford and General Motors have major positions in the European market. Advocates of rapid innovation in the industry view the development of advanced technologies as critical to the domestic manufacturers’ efforts to retain and increase U.S. market share and expand market share overseas. In fact, the White House’s original press release for the PNGV stressed “strengthening U.S. competitiveness” as the

key goal of this effort:

The projects developed under this agreement are aimed at technologies that will help propel U.S. industry

to the forefront of world automobile production. It will help ensure that U.S. jobs are not threatened by the

need to meet environmental and safety goals and that world pursuit of such goals will translate into a demand for U.S. products, not foreign products. This means preserving jobs in a critical American industry.

Advanced Automotive Technology: Visions

of a Super-Efficient Family Car

OTA-ETI-638

GPO stock #052-003-01440-8

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For some, the car is not just a means of transportation but it could  become a very cherished collectibles. Therefore appear manners to save the car for long-term, ranging from six months to many years.

For automotive enthusiasts, the activity is held. Procedures for storing this car was very useful to follow, especially if you plan to leave the car in a long time or does have a car that is rarely life savings.

Try to keep the car in the garage in a dry room and cold conditions. The following manners to keep the car before the blanket guarantee remains tokcer and ready to use every moment like it was written Otocarz.com.

1. Remove the two heads, or at least disconnect the battery ground cable.

2. Fill the fuel tank is full (this is imperative if you want to keep the vehicle more than one year) to prevent evaporation gasoline, water damage and the formation of rust in the tank.

3. The day started saving, change the engine oil, axle oil, gear oil and its filter.

4. Remove the spark plug and drop a teaspoon of engine oil new cylinder into the hole, then reinstall the spark plug. It is intended to give a layer protective cylinder.

5. If any part of the machine is made of aluminum, such as block, cylinder head, manifold, then you would have to dry all cooling systems. Remove the radiator water until completely exhausted. This is to prevent corrosion due to coolant fluids or contact water with a number of devices is aluminum.

6. Meanwhile, when the machine is only composed of steel, do not ever drain the radiator coolant or water available. When the age coolant are one and a half years, instead of new ones.

7. Full content of brake oil. But when it is more than two years, flue and replace with new. Do not forget to rinse before loading back to the new brake oil. Kedaluwarasa brake oil that will damage metal components.

8. If there is, put the car on the support (this means a lot traded at the supermarket). This will rest the tire work, bearings and other suspension components. When the car was not too long kept just add enough air pressure to each tire.

9. Blanket with a car cover car quality. Do not forget to open the glass slightly for ventilation. This applies to storage outside or indoors.

(Bid / multiple sources)

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Temperature 

Inlet valve temperatures are not normally high enough to cause significant corrosion or thermal fatigue failures. Such failures are far more likely to occur in exhaust valves.

However, a recent study of inlet valve failures [15] led to the conclusion that deposit build-up on the seating face of an inlet valve (formed from engine oil and fuel) had reduced heat transfer from the valve head (a valve transfers approximately 75 per cent of the heat input to the top-of-head through its seat insert into the cylinder head [11]), resulting in tempering and reduced hardness. As a result, some valves had suffered failures due to radial cracking of the seating face induced by thermal fatigue while others had failed due to valve guttering.

Cherrie [16] found that when the temperature of a 21.4N steel valve was increased from 704 to 732 °C, the stress that could be sustained to rupture (failure accompanied by significant plastic deformation) in 100 hours decreased by 35 per cent. De Wilde [17] found, however, that at the temperatures experienced in exhaust valves and seat inserts, there was no significant reduction in mechanical properties and thus discounted

temperature as a major influence on valve wear.

Matsushima [18] investigated the wear rate of valve and seat inserts at elevated temperatures. Several insert materials were tested with Stellite valves. Figures 3.8 and 3.9 show the wear rate of the exhaust valve and seat insert, respectively. Valve seating face wear increased as the temperature exceeded 200 °C and continued to rise as the temperature was increased to 500 °C. At temperatures below 200 °C the wear was

almost negligible. The wear rate of the seat inserts peaked at 300 °C, decreased at 400 °C, but rose again as the temperature was increased above 400 °C. The use of superalloy seat inserts reduced the seat insert wear below that of cast iron inserts, but increased the wear on the valve seating face. The powder metal insert containing materials to form lubricious oxides improved both seat insert and valve wear.

E N G I N E E R I N G R E S E A R C H S E R I E S

Automotive Engine Valve Recession

R Lewis and R S Dwyer-Joyce

Series Editor

Duncan Dowson

Professional Engineering Publishing Limited,

London and Bury St Edmunds, UK

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The V-Belt or so-called fan belt pulleys must be able to bind well to keep the pulley so that uniform rotation. If the fan belt will not bind with the perfect sound quite deafening when the engine life due to fan belt slippage. Here's how to work the fan belt to function properly:

A. Fan belt good working order must be maintained kekencangannya. By way of fastening position the alternator, as these devices generally can set its position.

2. Can be set to check kekencangannya after pressed with the thumb. Find the distance between the longest pulinya. Distance before and after the pressure is approximately 1 cm. If the calculated load pressure is about 10 kg (22 lbs).

3. Do not be too tight

fan belt can cause squeaks again. Even the alternator pulley bearing could be damaged because the pressure is too hard of V-Belt.

4. V-Belt that is damaged should not be discarded because it is useful if you need to replace with new. Existing code in a long time fan belt, can be used as a reference when buying a new fan belt.

For a while before you had time to set the fan belt, if it suddenly goes off in the V-Belt journey pour a little water on pulinya. By flushing, which are hard rubber can be a little soft indirect sound so much more flexible and can be lost. [erf / auto]

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In the majority of vehicle owners will do so refueling the fuel tank is empty alias exhausted. It is indeed true but there was just time to refuel recommended. Of course there's a reason that is your saving efforts. So, when is the best time to refuel?

A. Refueling should be done at night because:

* Each of the fuel vaporization process occurs, if the charging is done at night will reduce the evaporation process. Because at night the amount of evaporation would be less than during the day.

* Due to the amount of fuel that evaporates less at night it means reducing the risk of fuel burned in any given content which makes it much less exposed to heat quickly burned during the day.

2. Let's not wait for the fuel tank is completely empty to refuel. ¼ It is advisable to leave the fuel during charging. Because when the fuel tank is completely empty

there will be more water condensation in the tank. It affects the quality of fuel.

3. Do not forget to always check the fuel supply indicators at all times so that you can control the fuel injection and not run out on the road. [erf/cbrmn/oto]

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Japan is one country that seriously address energy conservation. Demonstrated its seriousness of the concern to find ways to save energy consumption, ranging from small to large impact.

Starting from that it does not cost anything additional to the berongkos exorbitant. Performed starting from a given voluntarily to incentives. The spirit of Japan to save energy consumption, especially petroleum, deserves two thumbs up and thumbs exemplary. The following will try to implement the spirit of Japan's energy conservation for the life environment of Indonesia.

The success of energy saving program in Japan is inseparable from the existence of The Energy Conservation Center, Japan (ECCJ), an organization responsible for promoting energy conservation. ECCJ that was built in 1978, or two years after the oil crisis of the world, among others, provide information about conservation technologies, laws and regulations related to conservation, training, testing energy managers, and organizes seminars that promote energy savings.

Segments of the energy into the target user is the industrial sector, commercial, household, and transportation.

Expertise and dedication of ECCJ managers, most of them are successful leaders who have retired, causing ECCJ activity is impacting the success of energy conservation in Japan.

Seriously though minor

One user sector's fuel consumption is still potential is pressed automotive sector, especially two-wheelers and four-wheel drive. Many of the least fuel consumption by vehicles is mainly determined by the volume (cc) engine. The larger cc, the more the need of fuel per unit distance traveled. Example, 100 cc motorcycle fuel consumed only 1:35 (one liter of fuel for an average mileage of 40 kilometers).

Compare with a 1000 cc car which has a ratio of 1:12 and cars 2000 cc with a ratio of 1:7. But, for every type of vehicle engine cc size is fixed, there are other factors that influence whether or not wasteful fuel consumption of vehicles, as described below.

The heavier the vehicle, the more extravagant the vehicle fuel consumption. Car owners have a habit of carrying goods to anywhere the car is running even if the goods are not required. For golf players, golf club store and completeness in the trunk of a car is not unusual that when there is an invitation to play, equipment is available. Weight of a set of golf clubs can reach 1-15 pounds.

For a relatively old car, which has started being fussy, in the trunk of a car is usually no oil reserves, water, batteries, radiator water, tow rope, and some even keep two spare tire in the trunk.

All items that do not actually need this added weight of the vehicle and make the machine more extravagant. If it is usually for mileage of 50 kilometers only need 5.5 liters, with the additional burden of "weird" before, the consumption of 5.88 liters of fuel to be more wasteful or 0.38 liters for the same mileage. If there are 100,000 cars in Jakarta that the behavior of car owners as above, then in one day was 38 235 liters of waste occurs. Motorists in Japan only carry auto supplies as needed. Luggage is also limited to only that necessary.

Vehicle readiness

From talking with a mechanical workshop, often the driver brought the car to the garage for other purposes such as washing the car, but the mechanic found that there is a breakdown vehicle brake systems. The driver did not realize it until the mechanic told him.

Vehicle brake system is not good that they can sometimes cause the tire rotation is somewhat restrained by the brake. The indication,

tire rim to heat up when the car is usually taken to walk, felt the pull of the machine not powered when the car is running slow to stop the car will quickly reach the stop position. If this situation occurs, a more wasteful use of fuel. Therefore, if the driver felt the braking system disorders, do not delay it checked out to the garage.

State of the heavy traffic in large cities often forcing the driver to accelerate the vehicle from being stopped, and after moving a little sudden need to press the brake pedal. Such behavior is often done at the driver's traffic jams. The reason, if a state vehicle from a stop because of traffic jams began to run slowly, it could be a car on the left or the right of a sudden cut to the front, fill the place left by the car in front of the previous

That are not often in the interplay of impatient drivers, usually the driver in major cities immediately step on the gas when the car in front of the move. Engine speed in first gear is direct 3000's figures. In fact, only 15 feet had stopped moving again. Therefore, the car should be on the brakes.

Such behavior is common and causes a lot of wasted fuel. Japanese driver in an orderly manner, not even a traffic jam interplay with each other. Therefore, there's nothing wrong driver Indonesia is also trying to be patient, run the vehicle without imposed gradually.

Private cars in cities nearly all of them have air conditioning. From observations on the streets, most of the private vehicle air-conditioning turned on while driving. The use of air conditioning is affecting the use of fuel. Several types of car shows that fuel consumption differences vary much between when to use air conditioning with air-conditioning when not in use. For example, when no air conditioning, fuel usage of 1:11, ie 1 liter for 11 kilometers on average. If you use air conditioning, fuel consumption to be 1:7 on average. Had to leave early trip to the office and home that night as far as 2 x 25 kilometer, fuel economy when the car is running without the AC is 2.6 liters per day or up to 30 percent savings.

Only, how to be comfortable driving in Jakarta without turning on the AC? Easy, left early morning and return after dark so that the air is relatively cool.

Turn off the engine

Japan is currently trying to implement custom start off the engine when the vehicle stopped for a red traffic light. Experiments initiated by public transport buses in major cities. Although this has not been loved in Japan, but what they do indicate that whatever they try to suppress the consumption of fuel.

How to turn off the engine at the traffic light was red may not be appropriate in Indonesia. In addition because of the time it takes for the light turns from red to green from a relatively short time, in that way requires that the car should be in good health.

Lest, after the engine is turned off for a red light, as would be the start, the machine crashed because The battery is worn out.

Avoid congestion

Japanese driver is trying to avoid congestion. Which is to avoid driving at to and from the office. Once upon a time in the travel, tour guide reminded that all passengers re-assembled at 15.00 in order to avoid congestion and move to leave the city no later than 16.00. If the vehicle is running in the middle of traffic, fuel consumption will be much more, but certainly tiring.

Drivers in big cities in Indonesia can implement the spirit of avoiding this bottleneck. For example, leave early, leave late. When you have to drive at rush hour, seek to find alternative routes to avoid congestion.

Japanese society does not attempt to create events that may create a traffic jam. Even to create a show in busy traffic location, the event organizers ahead of time had already told the public of the possibility of disruption of traffic, not even informing the alternative pathways.

In Indonesia are different again. Often weddings, birthday parties and other celebrations to close the public road which causes traffic to be shifted to a more narrow path and further afield.

Or, if there are weddings in mansions, the streets also become bogged down because of the guests invited are all private car use. What if someone took the initiative to organize a wedding reception in his spare time? For example, on Sunday between the hours of 09:00 to 12:00 hours? The time is unusual. But, surely the streets are not jammed, the fuel is not wasted.

Opportunities for energy savings in Indonesia is still open. If state officials have appealed to conserve energy usage, follow-up is up to the public. Clearly, saving energy consumption will ensure the achievement of harmony: economic efficiency, environmental protection, and long-term availability of energy.

Benny Marbun

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