BEAUTIFUL VIEW

Promoting rapid technological change in the automobile industry is not a novel idea.

Environmental groups pursuing twin goals of energy conservation and reduced vehicular emissions have promoted technological innovation for decades, for example, and the federal government has encouraged innovation in the industry in pursuit of similar goals.2 Currently, there are some additional pressures for innovation. In particular, California’s Low Emission Vehicle (LEV) Program requires automakers to begin producing vehicles with substantially reduced emissions; in particular, the LEV program requires 2 percent of the fleets of major automakers to be zero emission vehicles (ZEVs) by 1998, increasing to 10 percent by 2003.

Some northeastern states also have adopted these regulations. In this time frame, only electric vehicles will be likely to satisfy the ZEV requirement.3 Industry responses to the ZEV requirements include both an active campaign to discourage enforcement in California and several northeastern states that have followed California’s example and a substantial cooperative research effort to help produce a commercially successful electric vehicle, including formation of an Advanced Battery Consortium with battery manufacturers, electric utilities, and the Electric Power Research Institute. Meanwhile, various development and commercialization efforts have begun independent of the established industry. These include market introduction of several

vehicles (most based on conversion of conventional models, which involves removal of engines and transmissions and replacement with EV drivetrain components) and organizing of groups such as  CALSTART, which is designed to promote a cooperative effort among California companies and others to design and manufacture electric vehicles and vehicle systems in California.

Another force for innovation is the newly created Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV), an R&D program jointly sponsored by the federal government and the three domestic auto manufacturers. One of the program’s three goals is the development of a manufacturable prototype vehicle within 10 years that achieves as much as a threefold increase in fuel efficiency while maintaining the affordability, safety standards, performance, and comfort available in today’s cars. Although the Partnership has not yet defined any technology choices, it is clear that there will be a strong research emphasis on new materials and alternative powertrains, especially on hybrid electric configurations. Whether or not these forces for innovation will actually provide the impetus for an acceleration in the rate of technological change is uncertain, of course. Box 2-1 provides some perspective on the view that such an acceleration will be difficult.

Advanced Automotive Technology: Visions

of a Super-Efficient Family Car

OTA-ETI-638

GPO stock #052-003-01440-8

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The general perception of concept cars is perhaps that they are notional figments of stylists’ imagination and have no real purpose beyond attracting the attention of the public to the manufacturer concerned. Sometimes these take the form of a 2-D illustration used for some of the more imaginative forms, but more often they are found as a major showpiece within the cluster of standard models comprising exhibits

at national motor shows – especially when a manufacturer has no startlingly new models in that particular year!

However eye catching the presentation, the purpose is quite intentional. As well as demonstrating how ‘switched on’ an organization is to the latest technology, the idea is generally to attract feedback from the buying public on a particular aspect being promoted.

Following on from the ECV 3 theme, the MG EX-E was a styling exercise to maintain the interest of the public in the MG brand and was a launching pad for the ASVT technology described above, which was then followed by the Jaguar XJ-220 – both these models paving the way for public acceptance of bonded aluminium structures.

Often the timing of motor shows coincides with technical conventions and exhibits linked with technical presentations, as happened with the ASVT paper referred to in Fig. 4.10 where the technology on display at the Detroit Motor Show can be explained in more detail at the accompanying SAE Automotive convention.

The chief Volvo designer considers that ‘concept cars are an excellent way of providing a glimpse of the future without being constrained by a specific design. They help us make wise decisions in our development work.’ Taking as an example the 2001 Detroit Motor Show, Volvo used the occasion to demonstrate its Safety Concept Car and as can be seen in Fig. 4.11 this was designed to give the driver increased control

and visibility. As well as see-through ‘A’ posts, cutaway posts rendered partly transparent through the use of a steel box construction combined with see-through Plexiglass giving improvement in all round light ingress, ‘B’ posts curve inwards at the top to give the driver an unobstructed field of vision to the offset rear. In terms of safety, these ‘B’ posts are at least as safe as conventional ‘B’ posts in a rollover or sideimpact scenario since they are integrated with the front seat frames. Other features include sensors that scan the precise position of the driver’s eyes and adjust the seat to allow the best possible vision, and sensors embedded in the door mirrors and rear bumper that alert the driver of the approaching traffic in the blind spot to the offset

rear. The headlamps monitor the car’s road speed and steering wheel movements and adjust the lighting to suit progress.

The car continues to emphasize the company’s awareness of occupant safety. The chief designer adds: ‘By tradition Volvo was an engineering-driven company. In the past concept cars were primarily regarded as a way of presenting new technology.

However, as the automotive world and the media that cover it are visually focused, a concept car also needs an innovative design if it is to attract the right attention.’ Recent exhibits at the Detroit Motor Show include the GM Precept FCEV and the GM AUTOnomy both of which point the way ahead for fuel cell technology and

innovative use of materials.

The Dodge Powerbox is a hybrid concept claimed to be 60 per cent more fuel efficient than a comparable gasoline V8 version. In Europe the Smart Micro Compact Car demonstrates a fairly radical approach to

design which has progressed from the concept stage to production. As shown in Fig. 4.12 the rigidly designed Tridiron steel safety cage acts as the base unit to which nine ‘easy exchange’ polycarbonate body panels are mechanically fastened. Panel replacement at a Smart centre is claimed within 1 hour and the coloured surfaces

resist minor scratching and offer ‘optimum recycling possibilities’. Using a choice of 45–55 bhp 3-cylinder Mercedes Benz turbo engines consumption figures of 60 mpg can be achieved for unleaded petrol and 80+ mpg with the 41 bhp diesel version.

Materials for Automobile Bodies

Geoff Davies F.I.M., M.Sc. (Oxon)

AMSTERDAM

Butterworth-Heinemann

An imprint of Elsevier

Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP

200 Wheeler Road, Burlington MA 01803

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The car is rear-wheel drive system of frequently experienced problems on propeller shaft or more popularly referred to as coupling. If this part is damaged, then the car will experience excessive vibration felt in the passenger space when run on top of 60km/jam. And symptoms that will be increasingly harder as the speed of the car plus.

If you feel such symptoms, it's a sign there is a defect in the joint cross section as contained in the coupling. The fix would be so easy, just replace the cross joint. Only problem, often cross the new joint can no longer mounted on the yoke precisely because it has happened mounting holes wear and tear on his cross joint. Thus, despite having replaced new, the vibration was still stubborn.

Therefore, if the mounting holes in the cross joint that is worn, before mounting it's good plastic glue applied first encountered stout steel at the hardware store. The trick, first clean the hole, - as well as cross joint to terbebes of fat or oil. You can do this by using a cloth that has been moistened with petrol. After that, the new plastic smeared steel adonanya has been prepared, and immediately followed by the installation of a new joint cross. You do not need to wait until the pasta is dry plastic steel, as it will only bother the installation technique.

Once installed neatly, you'll want to put plastic steel that in some corners in order to

outside the home a cross joint yoke firmly attached to his house. Thus, cross joints can work as normal when the coupling is moved in four directions.

Good luck

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BEHAVIOR

Cuts the noise coming from car and truck engines. Unless, of course,

some young driver cuts holes in it.

HABITAT

The muffler lives at the end of the combustion process, beneath the

back end of the car.

HOW IT WORKS

Exhaust gases are piped into the muffler at elevated pressures and then pass out the tailpipe. The escape of high pressure exhausting into the atmosphere generates noise.

Noise is suppressed inside the muffler by destructive interference. Sound energy reflects off the inside of the muffler and tends to cancel itself out. This is the principle of noise-canceling headphones: two identical sound waves that are exactly out of phase with each other can cancel each other.

Exhaust gases enter the muffler’s first chamber where they escape into a resonating chamber. The resonator is designed to reflect sound waves back at incoming waves so the two waves interfere with each other.

Exhaust and sound escape to a second chamber for further dampening.

The exhaust has to flow through small holes in the pipes inside the muffler, thus reducing the noise further.

The body of the muffler is a sandwich of metal with a layer of insulating material between them. This helps noise reduction by absorbing sound.

A different design for a muffler is the straight-through or glass pack muffler. Combustion gases enter through a perforated pipe inside the muffler. The gases escape through the perforations into a chamber filled with sound-absorbing material (fiberglass, for example) and then out the tailpipe. The straight-through design reduces back pressure, making the engine more efficient.

The design of mufflers is a balance between suppressing noise and reducing power output by the engine. Like sticking a banana up the tailpipe, a muffler creates back pressure, which retards exhaust gases

and decreases engine output. Too much exhaust restriction in the muffler will cause noticeable reduction in power.

INTERESTING FACTS

The silencer or muffler was invented by Hiram Percy Maxim. He used the same technology to invent the silencer for firearms. His father, Sir Hiram Stevens Maxim, was a more famous inventor. He invented the

machine gun and the modern spring mouse trap, and had pre-Wright Brothers success getting a steam-powered airplane to take off.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Sobey, Edwin J. C., 1948–

A field guide to automotive technology / Ed Sobey.

Published by Chicago Review Press, Incorporated

814 North Franklin Street

Chicago, Illinois 60610

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Safety on the road driving now a top priority. Therefore, the engineers competing to design a car that can avoid accidents and provide maximum protection, if it can not be avoided anymore.

New features with foreign-sounding names popping up. There are side airbags, curtain airbags, pretensioners, crumple zone, electronic stability program, electronic braking distribution, and much more. Only yesterday it was introduced to the owner of the car seatbelt, front airbags and ABS.

Road safety depends on many factors, such as vehicle design, driver behavior, road conditions, and the behavior of another driver. The ability of cars to help avoid accidents as important as its ability to protect you in an accident.

Power to avoid a car accident affected two main factors, namely the braking system and control system / control in emergency situations. The main task is to stop the car brake system in the distance as short as possible and keep the car under control in a straight line.

In addition, the control system which controls the movement of the car is also very crucial. The more controlled and more secure a car when faced with extreme conditions, indicating the better it protects your car from an accident.

Other factors that may shy away from the accident was driving position, visibility and comfort of the chair. The sitting position can affect visibility and comfort. The better the visibility, the better the level of vigilance against other cars and the situation around. Comfort seats also plays an important role, because the chairs are not comfortable lowering the concentration of the driver.

If an accident is unavoidable, the ability to protect vehicle occupants to be of key importance. How much car can protect passengers, depending on the design and its security equipment such as safety belt and airbag.

Each vehicle also has a crumple zone, that part which is designed to absorb impact with crushed first, thereby reducing the potential damage to the passenger cabin or collision energy flowing into the passenger compartment. The better the car manages impact energy is, the smaller the chance of passengers and the driver suffered serious injuries.

Security devices so are manifold, buyers who do not know the benefits or do not know the benefits, usually pass away. (Ydi / oto)

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From the era of glorious muscle-car excess comes the 428 Cobra Jet. Introduced in April of 1968, the 428 CJ was the brainchild of Robert F. Tasca, an infl uential Ford dealer from Rhode Island. It was a drag-race winner from its fi rst event (the NHRA Winternationals, in February 1968) and is still winning NHRA Stock and Super Stock races today. And it’s been a legend on the street since day one. After recording a 13.6-second quarter mile at 107 mph in a test of a Cobra Jet prototype, Hot Rod magazine proclaimed it “probably the fastest regular-production sedan ever built.” Under the ram-air hood was a 428-cubic-inch V-8 whose special features included low-rise heads patterned after the 427, a variant of the Police Interceptor intake, and a Holley four-barrel. Ford rated the engine at a demure 335 hp, but the true fi gure was somewhere north of 400 hp. Power front disc brakes, a nine-inch rear end, and a heavy-duty suspension helped round out the package, which was o ered on all three body styles.

Honorable mention goes to the ’69 Mach 1 with the Super Cobra Jet option and Shaker hood, as it is in our opinion the best-looking Mustang ever and an equal performer to the ’68 1/2.

Bullitt (1968): Bullitt’s iconic chase scene lasts eight minutes and shows a Steve McQueen–helmed ’68 GT390 and a ’68 Dodge Charger R/T hammering across San Francisco. McQueen bounces off parked cars,

catches air, and generally wreaks steely-eyed, burnout-ridden havoc. Type “coolest movie chase” into

MOVIES YouTube, and this is what you get. — SS

(Automobile Magazine)

storemags & fantamag - magazines for all

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Knowing the condition of the car petrol engines do not have to bother to open the hood or covered in oil. Want to know how easy it is? Just look at the condition of exhaust tip, you can become an expert. Capital is not as difficult as learning a thick book, only the following practical horoscope.

Molten oil

These conditions indicate the existence of engine oil into the combustion chamber in significant quantities. Along with the rest of the exhaust gas, oil will be wasted through the exhaust conduit.

This event can be seen from the molten oil at the end of the exhaust pipe. "When the engine starts, also accompanied by the appearance of dense white smoke". (Ydi / oto-o)

The reason could be because the condition of the piston ring is worn or loose. Or derived from oil seepage due to broken valve seals. Fix or check both of these components before the damage worsens.

Black crust

The crust was attached to the wall of the inner end of the exhaust pipe. If this happens, one might expect too much gasoline is wasted through the exhaust fumes. This condition usually causes wasteful fuel consumption and less power, especially the initial acceleration.

Exhaust emission test results also indicate levels of hydrocarbons (HC) is high (above 200) and the lambda value smaller than the ideal value (one). "The reason for the gas mixture entering the combustion chamber more than air". If this happens, try resetting carburizing system. (Ydi / oto-o)

Gray crust

This condition indicates internal combustion engine is complete. Mixture of air, gasoline and lighters in ideal conditions until combustion efficiency obtained.

Unfortunately, color gray crust is relatively difficult to obtain under conditions of heavy traffic (jam). In this condition, a lot of wasted raw gas through the exhaust. Although the setting is an ideal machine, sometimes crusty black exhaust tip.

Know, Maximum speed car at high rpm on the freeway. Hold for a few minutes. In addition to dispose of the remaining crust in the combustion chamber, is also effective to determine the condition of the exhaust pipe tip. (Ydi / oto-o)

Splashing water

This event normally happens when the condition

the engine is still cold. The water source is not from the engine, but from the effects of condensation (dew) in the exhaust tract. Along with rising temperature in the pipes and mufflers, a splash of water will disappear by itself. This condition indicates the pipeline as well as clean of oil or molten crust that has accumulated.

Debris

This flake out when the engine is spinning at high rpm. The form can be rusty iron or cotton-like objects are burned. It also shows the condition of the filter exhaust (muffler) the loss due to rust. Flakes of rust and Glasswool absorbers inside the muffler off, to come out simultaneously with the exhaust fumes. This condition is usually accompanied by the sound of the roar of the exhaust leak and followed wasteful fuel consumption. (Ydi / oto-o)

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Accidents do happen tire burst anytime. Even already many examples of accidents that occur due to a burst tire while driving, even at slow speeds though. This is usually caused by a panic when the driver suddenly jerked the steering wheel along with the eruption of one of the tires. Severe is the rupture of one front tire, where the steering will pull to the left when the left tire burst and vice versa.

The streets were wet and slippery will make it worse. Rupture of the rear tires are usually more easily overcome. High vehicle with standard tires like Deer / Panther more vulnerable in these situations because it will be more difficult to control, especially at high speeds.

For that we need to remember and learn the moves properly following key:

Prevention:

The main cause of a tire on the highway is the tire pressure that is not appropriate.

1. Buy tire pressure gauge (tire pressure gauge) is good, if you need to select the electronic / digital because it is more accurate and Harganyapun not too expensive.

2. Match the numbers as measured by the numbers obtained from the pressure gauge on a tire shop in your town famous. You need to remember how many psi difference, so it can adjust itself when measuring tire pressure. Do not trust the tire's pressure gauge roadside. If you have electronic gauges / digital, please direct them to the no. 3 due to the possibility of even more accurate than usual gauges that are used every day.

3. Get used to measure your vehicles tire pressure once a week and immediately add the numbers listed when the wind dropped more than 4psi or repairing a tire that decline to 6psi or more below normal. Decrease was usually caused by slow leaks due to exposure to a small nail or a nipple that has not worked well. When are often the freeway, make it a habit to check tire pressure every morning.

4. Follow the instructions of the recommended tire pressure for your vehicle, or if not, take the benchmark 30psi. When carrying a full load, especially when going through a long highway, add 2psi again. Do not exceed the maximum tire pressure is typically 35psi, it will make the tires age shorter and nearly as dangerous as the lack of pressure. Tire pressure placard usually located in the engine room, trunk or hood near the driver's door pillar.

5. Check the tire grooves. Tires are balding / parents will be more easily explode when exposed to a sharp stone. Replace with new tires for the sake of your peace.

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BEHAVIOR

Coil springs absorb the bumps that tires encounter and they retard the upward and downward motion of a vehicle as it moves across uneven surfaces. In conjunction with shock absorbers, coil springs form the front suspension of most cars.

HABITAT

Found inboard of the front wheels, springs are mounted around shock absorbers between the upper and lower wishbone or control arms that support the wheel.

HOW IT WORKS

Coil springs are made of special spring steel rods. The rods are heated and wound into the spiral shape.

Coil springs store energy. As the spring is compressed, it stores the energy and then releases it to make a smoother ride.

Springs obey Hooke’s Law, one of the basic laws of physics. The law specifies that the position of a body attached to a spring is proportional to the force that pulls or pushes on the body. For example, if you hang a spring from the ceiling, attaching heavier weights to the bottom end will stretch the spring—causing its length to increase. The weight added is directly proportional to the increased length of the spring.

Springs stretched beyond their elastic limit don’t obey Hooke’s Law. Take a Slinky and pull it far enough and you get a jumbled coil of wire instead of a toy.

A field guide to automotive technology

Ed Sobey

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Aggressive behavior is not reprehensible. But if the aggressiveness carried onto the highway, necessarily dangerous. Minimal invite curses other drivers.

How do I control it?

Two U.S. origin cardiologists, Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman, in the book Type A Behavior and Your Heart classify human personality into two types, namely type A and type B.

A private type is usually in a hurry in doing something and impress ready to "explode" in a sea of ​​anger.

Differences with type B is more passive and polite. Type A person showing signs of inner turmoil for real, another antrara with clenched hands, hitting the table, or menggemeretakkan teeth.

Unfortunately, still according to Friedman and Rosenman, type the number of people allegedly aggressive alias of type A fairly large. Friedman and Rosenman in the study, the number of women and men who entered the category of type A even reach 60% of the total respondents.

City people believed to have a better chance to be type A, due to high stress levels and workload continues to increase.

Stimulating hormone

• The type A is also commonly behave like aggressive and dangerous practice scenes on the highway, such as honking as they pleased, play serobot right nor left, until the engine growled-gerungkan arbitrarily.

So, if you've been feeling very responsive to disruption of traffic and often taking it out in the form of aggressiveness while driving, you might type A personality Aggressiveness driving itself is innate unconscious to be suppressed, not eliminated, because it is very difficult to remove.

Aggressive attitude it just needs to be channeled in a more secure and reliable technically. Driving motor vehicles (ranmor) basically aggressive activity and the Dynamic, not passive. Motorists are required to fully concentrate on the terrain ahead and belakangnva. The body then responds in the form of tension (stress) that triggers the thyroid and adrenal hormone secretion, thus increasing energy production, intensified the heart rate, and encourages perspiration.

In short, the body perceives that the activity of driving is very tiring activity. It applies to the driver class amateur and veteran racer Michael Schumacher. That is why, novice drivers typically show symptoms of tension, faster heart rate, and sweating when behind the wheel. Slow

Increasingly, he became more and more relaxed, along with the increasing hours of flying.

The tension that is felt when the body was behind the wheel of stimulating the type A (which in essence is happy to compete) for displaying aggressive driving behavior. Let alone the A, type B driver's personality is more patient can indicate the aggressiveness of driving if hit by tension. Understandably, the driver requires a media channel to vent their sense of tension.

However, at the same level of disturbance, tension type A driver can far exceed the driver type B. No wonder that the attitude of the driver type A on the road looks much more aggressive and threatening than the B. Although both are in a traffic jam, for example, a Type A driver may have dozens of times a push button horn. In contrast, type B driver's calm while engrossed in listening to music.

Media stress dealer closest course instruments vehicles, such as steering wheel, horn, and the pedals. Unfortunately, the tension in the upper vent ranmor certainly invite danger. Moreover, if the driver ranmor other psychological conditions as well as strained. This is where the need for a more mature attitude, so that tension can still be channeled, without compromising driver safety.

Disturbance felt by the driver can come from outside and within himself.

Factor that comes from within, for example, thought that was very wrinkled before driving, or physical disorders such as toothache and feeling more unwell.

While the interference from the outside could have been caused by bumpy road conditions, traffic congestion, road signs are damaged, and other vehicles.

Extra vigilant

• Type A driver must always be alert with respect to the technical aspects of the vehicle.

Tire pressure for example, must diligently checked, whether it meets manufacturer's recommendations. Also check whether the brakes are working properly. Both of these vital components must be maintained properly to prevent accidents, if later forced to speeding on the highway.

After that, recognize the ability of a motor vehicle and yourself. As great-great driver, if you must drive a new car or property of others still needs time to adapt. He must recognize the limits of performance of four-wheel unfamiliar. Ideally, anyway, the ability ranmor and driver as well, so if the type A decides to speeding, again, the situation remains under control.

A motor vehicle driver's good in the hands of laymen, expert or otherwise the driver must drive a motor vehicle ugly, save the risk equally. The risk was higher in line with the increasing speed of the vehicle. No more haggling, the two latter cases, the driver must hold back and be extra vigilant to the possibilities on the road.

In addition to attention to technical aspects, the driver must also be careful in the use of "opportunities". People who are impatient usually "itch" if you see ranmor in front of it running too slow. The car in front that he viewed not only as alangan, but also the opportunity to "poke". By carefully, he will oversee the left or right lane is empty. If done carefully, the action moved the line should not be high risk.

Courage precedes it is useful to shorten the queue congestion and shorten travel time. Shorten travel time automatically turning off the engine when accelerating datangnva vehicle, while reducing pollution that comes out of the tailpipe.

On the other hand, type B driver who was driving too slow is annoying. Naturally, if the driver type A so aroused aggressiveness. Incorrect assumption driving at low speeds safely. Create the driver may not be problematic. However, the interests and psychological aspects of the other driver should also be considered. If driving too slowly, could-be car rammed from behind.

If possible, vehicles should be driven in urban areas are stable at speed 45-60 km / hour. Special on the highway, cars can be driven much faster again. However, it is important to know, is actually not about how much speed ranmor, but how to equalize the speed ranmor being driven by another ranmor equally middle of moving. Equalization is necessary to suppress a sense of want to precede the other drivers, especially drivers of type A.

Keep your distance

• When the trailing (tailings) in front of the vehicle, the driver type A usually prefer to do from close range (below 5 m).

It is highly not recommended, because it is very dangerous. Depending on the type and condition of the brakes, trailing distance should only be shortened if the vehicle speed is low. To increase the ability of the tailings, the driver's ability to anticipate the situation must be improved.

Motorists who are "experts" can anticipate as well as predict what will happen, a few seconds ahead, so they can decide the exact minimum distance of tailings.

Tailings themselves is psychologically very effective to create a feeling of "driving too slow" to the driver in front. As a result, there was an increase in average speed of road users, until close to the maximum possible speed limit (45-60 km / h).

At a speed of 45-60 km / hour, wind resistance is still quite low, while the engine speed (rpm) is quite high close to the ideal engine rpm. Pembakanan fuel was close to perfect, so that pressing the level of pollution.

Do not let your emotions too deep to control myself. Aggressive driving is still under control is effective as a supplier of tension. However, excessive aggressiveness can be turned into a futile desperation. Remember, road racing circuit instead.

In the circuit, every second is precious because of the rewards commensurate: the title and money. However, on the highway, it is irrational to arrive more quickly one or two minutes by risking lives.

The driver of type A is better looking than other forms of channeling tensions menggeber accelerator. If there is a radio tape, turn on the music because the tempo of the songs is believed capable of withstanding regular wild some of the pressure foot on the accelerator. Hum is another form of channeling tensions that much safer than speeding. Drinking can be an alternative. In addition to refreshing, water replaces the sweat that comes out of a sense tension.

Smoking does not include the distribution of tension is good, because the gases carbon monoxide and smoke actually become toxic enhancer body fatigue. Consequently, even new emerging source of tension.

The use of cell phones while driving is also not recommended, because the right hand to be forced to hold the phone. Concentration driving can disintegrate. Moreover, the type A are usually easily carried away by the talk via phone.

Instead, talk, let alone laughing out with companion (the origin is not unheard of, thereby disrupting the concentration driving) nice to channel tensions. Lastly, leave early, so as not to encounter bottlenecks or other disorders that could potentially be a source of tension.

Aggressive as any driver type A, channel tensions by indulging aggressiveness on the road, definitely not safe choice. The risks are too great. If you want to get used to glance at a safer form of distribution, any risk would be much reduced. So, the choice is simple, if it continues to give priority to survive, so do not be reckless.

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Months after launching the Mustang in the spring of 1964, executives had the itch to go racing with their new pony car. Early attempts to fi eld the Mustang in the SCCA’s B-Production competition failed, so Carroll Shelby—who was already stu ng Ford engines into his successful Cobra race cars—was called in to help. Shelby’s team extensively reworked the chassis. For the front suspension, upper control arms were lowered to improve suspension geometry, and a thicker, one-inch antiroll bar, as well as a one-piece shock-tower brace, were installed. At the rear, new traction bars curbed axle hop. Adjustable Koni dampers all around completed the package. These measures were especially useful since the already potent 289-cubic- inch V-8, which normally churned out 271 hp, was tuned to 306 ponies by means of a new intake manifold, a large Holley fourbarrel carb, and tubular headers.

Development work began on the car in August 1964, and production began the week before Christmas. In one week, Shelby American built twelve cars; in two, it had built 100 examples—enough for SCCA o cials to sign o on the car. The GT350 quickly became a dominant player in the B-Production class, winning national

championships for the next three years and helping establish the Mustang’s performance cred.

(Automobile Magazine)

storemags & fantamag - magazines for all

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Homecoming affair was much preparation is required, among others, check the vehicle's engine, prepare physically, tool kits, etc.. But do not forget to pay attention to traffic rules during the trip. Do not until you got a ticket, thanks to violate traffic laws. What you need to consider:

1. Bring the completeness of the letter - a letter of vehicles such as driver's license, vehicle registration, and ID cards during the trip

2. Observe and obey all traffic signs along the road that you went through to get to the destination.

3. Always wear your seat belt properly. It is always underestimated by the driver and passengers. There is no harm if it starts to get used to wearing a seat belt when driving on the streets.

4. Give the distance between your vehicle with another car and navigate to the points pendangan crowd in crowded areas, so there is no possibility of an accident. Here is a list of vehicles at a safe distance when the vehicle run at certain speeds. See the table!

Safe Driving Distance:

SPEED OF DISTANCE MINIMUM SAFE DISTANCE

30 km / h 15 m 30 m

40 km / hr 20 meters 40 meters

50 km / h 25 meters 50 meters

60 km / h 40 m 60 m

70 km / hr 50 meters 70 meters

80 km / hr 60 meters 80 meters

90 km / hr 70 meters 90 meters

100 km / hr 80 meters 100 feet

120 km / h 100 meters 120 meters

5. We recommend that the car was driving at normal speeds and not speeding. Never mind to carry off a vehicle in order to quickly reach the destination. Remember! Prioritizing safety.

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One way to avoid overheating

This simple warning conveyed Emergency Roadside Assistance (ERA) AstraWorld. Instead, the radiator cap does not open the lid too often. Open the cover quite done at the time of drain water to the radiator. Because, too often open the radiator cap will increase the chances of faulty radiator cap.

If there is damage to the radiator cap, auto component work is disrupted. One possibility that appears later when the radiator cap is damaged is overheating, the temperature of the engine heat is above the normal limit.

We certainly had memorized when the engine is experiencing overheating. Because excess heat tolerance, the engine may not sound normal, less powerful, wasteful of fuel, even breaking down in the middle of the road.

Indeed there are many things that cause overheating. Essentially this condition arises because the cooling system is not working properly. In some cases AstraWorld ERA found that overheating is gradually sticking out because there are problems on the radiator cap.

In terms of function, the radiator cap holds the same role in terms of keeping the engine temperature. Component is what will keep the volume of water in the engine cooling system.

The role was run by the valves on the radiator cap. There are two valves in these components, namely: tap valve and vacuum valve. Both of these valves which alternately removing and sucking so that water from the tank spin reservoir (tank) to the radiator.

Well, the two valves on the radiator cap is what is most likely damaged when frequently opened the radiator cap. Because of the damage, water circulation then becomes not good. To make matters worse, over time the volume of water in the radiator decreases because spilled out through the reservoir tank.

Lack of water is then lead to overheating.

Therefore, to detect the occurrence of damage to the radiator cap can be done by looking at the water reservoir tank. Check the water levels in the tank. If the reserve tank is always full (even water out of the hose to the reservoir tank cover), is a sign that the radiator cap had to be replaced.

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Structure and material

Multi-cylinder engines for cars and motorcycles use assembled con-rods like that shown in Fig. 9.16. The big end consists of two parts. The bottom part is called the bearing cap, and this is bolted to the con-rod body. Honing finishes the assembled big end boss to an accurate circular shape. The mating planes of the cap and rod body should be finished accurately in advance because this influences the accuracy of the boss. The plain bearing is sandwiched between the crankpin and big end.

Hot forging shapes the assembled con-rod. Cr-Mo steel JIS-SCM435 or carbon steel JIS-S55C are generally used. Free-cutting steels are frequently used when high machinability is required. Toughening is a typical heat treatment for carbon steel. The recent tendency to pursue high strength at reduced weight has led to the use of carburized SCM420 as well, which is very effective if the con-rod is designed to receive high bending loads.

The science and technology of materials in
automotive engines
Hiroshi Yamagata
Woodhead Publishing and Maney Publishing
on behalf of
The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining
CRC Press
Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC
WOODHEAD PUBLISHING LIMITED
Cambridge England

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Lately a lot of car thefts. The thieves did not seem out of his mind to launch the action.

One of them by prying the car to be able to take anything valuable in the car. We created the car owners alarmed by it.

Techniques that will open a stolen car can vary. Usually, the most commonly used are:

1. By slipping a wire or a ruler to the gap between the glass and the outer wall of the car door.

Then the tool was used to suppress or prying-handlebars handlebars inside the door and release the key.

Once the doors unlock handlebars tercongkel or depressed, the key will open soon.

2. Through the vehicle rear lights, which only covered the interior panels.

The way it is often used by thieves handed slim. Once the lights back open, he would slip his hand through the panel. Then lock the door can be easily opened from the inside.

There are some tricks that we can use to outsmart the thieves are. We can not be defeated by clever thieves dong. Here's how:

Theft by wire to the door slid techniques

We will make a ruler so hard to wire or weaving in the gap between wall and glass with a bulkhead divider. For that we need the help of some tools and assistance welder.

Here's how:

1. Lift the rubber seals on the outside (outer wheater strip). But remember not to bend, because it would be difficult to straighten it again. Measure the width of the gap that will be given a bulkhead from the inside. Measure also the distance between the lip plate on the wall with glass doors. If it has been known to reduce the size of 2-3 mm, so that the tip does not scratch the surface of the glass plate. This last result will be used for tracing.

2. Make a cardboard pattern on paper in accordance with the results of slit width and the distance to the glass wall with a door width of the pattern of greater value to about 3-5 mm. This section will be used as part of the plate that attaches to the lip plate door. Give shading to distinguish.

3. Apply bulkhead line on the candidate, then cut the plate in accordance with the pattern. Remember, do not let any protruding parts. If there is a prominent, puree with sandpaper or grinding.

4. Plates that have stayed the same as the pattern on the lip plate affixed to the door. By way of bending the plate according to the shaded part. The result is L-shaped when viewed from the side. Smear the bulkhead with paint so as not to be attacked termites or rust.

5. To paste it, weld it on the lip plate bulkhead under the door. Caution, not to interfere with the welding point of motion up and down the glass window. Close points welding with paint so as not easily corroded. Then replace the rubber cover selahnya.

Theft by prying technique taillights

So that thieves can no longer pick the space behind the rear lights car lights must be isolated.

The trick as follows:

1. Lights off, and then measure the length and width and then create patterns on paper. Transfer the pattern onto the metal plate.

Cut the plate according to the pattern, not to exceed the line tracing plate was difficult to install.

2. Rub the plate with sandpaper, give water little by little so that the surface smooth and flat plate dry freshly painted first, so as not to rust.

3. Then weld the plate on the car body, carefully so as not to damage the other car components. When welding the lid part affected by the fires hot with a wet cloth.

4. Cat back plate and the point of welding to prevent flaking of the paint due to welding and protected from corrosion. The latter replace the lamp.

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BEHAVIOR

Air filters remove much of the particulate load in the air, keeping it out

of the engine. Dirt in the air could clog small openings in the engine,

restricting the flow of air or abrading parts.

HABITAT

Air filters sit directly above the engine.

HOW IT WORKS

Most air filters today are made of resin-impregnated paper supported by a rim of plastic with a urethane gasket. The paper is folded or pleated to create a large surface area. Some filter elements have dimples to further increase the surface area so more particles are arrested. Incoming air has to travel through many sheets of paper before entering the engine’s intake valves.

Older cars used oil bath filters. In these filters, larger particles are thrown into the oil bath where they are trapped. The oil bath needs to be changed periodically. Smaller particles are caught in a fibrous material that surrounds the oil bath.

INTERESTING FACT

For every gallon of gasoline consumed about 10,000 gallons of air are sucked through an air filter.

A field guide to automotive technology

Ed Sobey

Cover and interior design: Joan Sommers

Photo on page 28: © Smokey Combs

© 2009 by Ed Sobey

All rights reserved

Published by Chicago Review Press, Incorporated

814 North Franklin Street

Chicago, Illinois 60610

ISBN: 978-1-55652-812-5

Printed in the United States of America

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WHEN in the course, all of a sudden the engine temperature rises sharply (overheating). Surely we panic for fear of the vehicle will be totally or even burned to death.

But, actually no need to panic, simply stop the vehicle to the curb, jumped out, and check the condition of the volume of water to the radiator. Be careful when opening the radiator due to high temperatures and open it definitely needs the help of a rag to avoid the heat.

After that do the following steps.

1. Remove the fan motor cable connector (fan) radiator of the holder with a Phillips screwdriver. In a particular car, simply take it off without opening the bolt.

2. Continue by removing the fan motor connector. Separate sockets and cables to the fan motor in a way the player cut it. Connect the new cable at both ends of the cord.

3. Tie the end of the second cable to the battery terminals, the blue wire connected to the positive terminal. While the black wire to the negative pole. When installed, the motor will rotate the fan. Note the direction of the wind. If the exhaled air to the radiator, meaning one put a cable on the battery terminals. Correct, wind bursts leading to the engine.

Way above its emergency / temporary. Immediately contact the nearest garage to replace a defective switch. n E-1

Vibrate at High Speed ​​Vehicles

BE CAREFUL if the car vibrate at high speeds fast or often called "semi". Owners of old cars should be more careful and sensitive to the condition of his car.

Because, old cars usually have damage to the complex problem. One problem that often occurs is the occurrence of a strong vibration throughout the vehicle while driving especially when in high speed.

If left unchecked it is very dangerous. Here is what action you should do and why it happened.

1. Run the vehicle at the speed at which the vibrations were not arise, usually below 60 km / hour. Do not force drove at high speed. Better late origin survived.

2. The cause of the vibrations is due to several things:

- Curved so that the propeller shaft out of balance.

- Wear and tear on the bearings of universal joints.

- Bolts loose connective propeller shaft.

3. Immediately bring the vehicle to the garage for further inspection and repair

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Car engine that uses a cooling system using water as the temperature control thermostat. Serves as a thermostat valve / faucet water flow from the engine to the radiator. While still cold, the thermostat closes so the water will spin the engine block that make ideal working temperature is reached quickly.

When the working temperature is reached, the thermostat opens so that water began to flow into the radiator to cool the temperature of the engine not exceeding its temperature, when the temperature is getting too cold thermostat closes again, so on that make the engine temperature becomes stable.

Thermostat as a 'scapegoat'

Often heard the case of overheating caused by the cooling system, or the case of machines that are always in hot conditions.

Of the cases not a few workshops to recommend to revoke the thermostat because it is considered as the culprit. There are also workshops suggested that replacing the thermostat temperature lower than the standard work on the grounds Indonesia climate is quite hot (tropical).

Repeal the thermostat is wrong, because the machine will reach the temperature of his work long enough, do not even reach the ideal working temperature. The temperature of the machine becomes unstable, while it is down a hill or high speed engine temperature will be very cold.

Replacing the thermostat working temperature is lower than the recommended factory also makes the engine work under ideal working temperature.

Solution: Observe the Working Temperature Machine

If we use a used car or old, try to look at our car engine working temperature. See the guide needle temperature on the instrument panel.

Try also a time to ask to formal workshop or participate in mailing lists or similar car club to ask at what point our engine temperature under normal conditions.

If the needle temperature showed a lower temperature for example, only a quarter (normally half), then there are the following possibilities:

1. Thermostat has been revoked: Making the engine work in cold conditions, usually because it never occurred to the engine overheating, so the thermostat removed.

Solution: Install the thermostat according to the size of the factory recommended temperatures.

2. Thermostat stuck: Occurs when the thermostat is damaged so it is always in the open condition.

Solution: Replace the thermostat according to the size of the factory recommended temperatures.

3. Low-temperature thermostat work: As a result of using low work-temperature thermostat makes the engine work at a temperature of low employment.

Solution: Replace the thermostat according to the size of the factory recommended temperatures.

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Cast iron

The turbine housing must be resistant to oxidation and possess thermal fatigue resistance at high temperatures. Diesel engines have low exhaust gas temperatures and therefore use high Si nodular cast iron or Niresist cast iron. These housings are made by sand casting using sand cores. The Si content of high-Si nodular graphite cast iron is about 14%, which raises the eutectoid transformation temperature (723 °C, the transformation

temperature from austenite to pearlite). Transformation during operation causes thermal fatigue because of the transformation strain. By raising the transformation temperature, the added Si prevents thermal fatigue in the

operating temperature range. The Si also forms a thick oxide scale on the surface which prevents oxidation corrosion at high temperatures. This alloy is also used in the exhaust manifold.

Austenitic nodular graphite cast iron is also used in the housing, and adding about 20% Ni makes the matrix of cast iron austenitic in a wide temperature range. Generally, this form is referred to as Niresist. Figure 11.7

shows the microstructure of Niresist. Round graphite particles can be seen in the austenitic matrix. The austenite structure has a high thermal expansion coefficient, and the lack of transformation under operating conditions gives superior resistance to thermal fatigue. Niresist is stronger than high-Si nodular graphite cast iron. The high strength and corrosion resistance mean that this alloy can be used in the exhaust manifold, which operates under red heat conditions. The high hardness and high thermal expansion coefficient are

also suitable for reinforcing the piston-ring groove of the aluminum piston (see Chapter 3).

The thermal inertia of the turbine housing affects start-up emissions. Low thermal inertia means that the temperature of the catalytic converter rises quickly, so that it begins to convert pollutants early. This operational design requires greater heat resistance and thin walls in the turbo housings.

The science and technology of materials in

automotive engines

Hiroshi Yamagata

Woodhead Publishing and Maney Publishing

on behalf of

The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining

CRC Press

Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC

WOODHEAD PUBLISHING LIMITED

Cambridge England

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When the fun of driving a car is sometimes difficult to compromise. Especially if the problem was located on a machine that "over-heat". Two dintara cause of over-heat the radiator is leaking or the engine cooling system may not work optimally / damaged. For the second constraint mentioned any of the tips that you can do. Minimal car you can move up to the nearest garage.

tips:

1. Open up your car's engine cover and disconnect the cable connecting the AC condenser.

2. Cables AC condenser which has been lost can you connect with a cable machine condenser.

3. When everything is installed, then you do not forget to remove the magnetic compressor. These cables are usually located not far from ac compressors.

4. After all that is done is connected, then you just turn on the following machines ac.

Basically, these tips work with the principle of your vehicle can move back to the cooling system from the AC condenser. So the risk is when your vehicle can move towards the nearest garage, you can not enjoy the cool air conditioning during the trip.

What is written above tips are used for vehicles that use a cooling system elektromotor. And of course it can be done if elektormotor not functioning properly.

While if overheating occurs due to the radiator which worked less than optimal. Do not rush to open the radiator cap. Turn off your engine for a moment and let the radiator cool. Once cool, just open the radiator cap and insert the coolant or water. While filling water into the radiator, make an effort to make the machine alive.

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