VOLKSWAGEN PREVIEWED its New Small Family (NSF)

Audi Invited to Join VW’s New Small Family
The tiny city car (previewed by the Up! concepts) is just part of Audi’s new range of fuel misers.

IN 2007, VOLKSWAGEN PREVIEWED its New Small Family (NSF) of eco-cars with three concepts, a two-door hatchback, a four-door hatchback, and a microvan. Originally intended for VW, Seat, and Škoda only, NSF is being expanded to include an Audi version, the E1. In fact, the E1 will spearhead a selection of innovative, low-emissions, high-mileage models for Audi. Marketed under the E-line moniker, the new Audis share the same mission as BMW’s Project i vehicles. Audi’s lineup could include up to fi ve different products in various size and price classes. Here is what Audi’s R&D team is currently looking at: E1, based on the New Small Family (NSF).
Audi has been invited to tap the NSF gene pool, but the brand doesn’t want a badgeengineered model, so Audi will get a distinct body and interior. The most likely body style for Audi is a two-door, three-seat commuter hatchback. NSF can accommodate a small gasoline or diesel engine, but an electric vehicle is also considered a mid-term must. Because of its ultracompact dimensions, the two-door is not ideal for a hybrid application.
E2, a sporty mid-engine two-seater. This would be an Audi version of the even more radical VW two-liter car (as in two liters of fuel per 100 km, or 118 mpg). Volkswagen is preparing two closely related,  exceptionally frugal halo products that could infl uence the E2—the one-liter car (the second coming of
the cigar-shaped tandem two-seater fi rst seen in 2002) and the two-liter car (a more conventional design with driver and passenger sitting next to each other). Although the one-liter car is a very small-volume, expensive, high-tech showpiece, the two-liter edition is more practical and more affordable. For minimum aerodynamic drag and optimal packaging, a mid-engine layout is favored, with a pair of 75-hp, 1.2-liter three-cylinder units (an 80-lb-ft direct-injected unit and a 130-lb-ft turbo-diesel ) most likely. Electric drive is also possible but may add too much to the price





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  • TIPS Diagnose a Slip Clutch

    Have your car's manual transmission gear such as hard to move? and sound when shifting gears? In fact, the clutch pedal is stepped on to the good. Shift the gear lever into second gear it feels just like using a tooth, for example. If so, maybe you have a car clutch slippage.
    Clutch slippage usually occurs when a car has been used for seven years (with the use of as much as possible). Gearshift is not getting a response, and sound may at memindahlan teeth are just two examples of the many symptoms. There are many other symptoms which may indicate that the coupling of a car is experiencing slippage. Following steps to diagnose the slip clutch:
    Be aware, are you quite often move the transmission into low gear when climbing through the path. If you are not aware of it, slip coupling cobakanlah this diagnosis on uphill roads are fairly quiet. As much as possible the selection of a quiet lane uphill done so that you do not cause congestion for other drivers.
    Be aware, if the engine sounds a bit unusual when you do start acceleration or when starting. The sound resembles the sound of this unusual object is playing hard enough.
    Be aware, if the clutch pedal started to slack off (los), especially when the clutch pedal can no longer be re-set or adjusted.
    Be aware, if the pedal starts to harden or tighten and need more power to tread on. When possible, reset the clutch pedal. Perform this procedure if you are already feeling the slack footing as far as 1.5 inches. If viewed in terms of finance or economics of the time, re-setting the clutch pedal is cheaper and faster process. However, the use of the new coupling is clearly more secure and make you need not worry.
    Try the following diagnostic procedures: Enable the emergency brake, turn on the engine, clutch and foot pedal
    and set the transmission into 4th gear. Slowly, try stepping off the clutch pedal (gas pedal still be climbed). If in this way there is no response or a car is not moving at all, it means the clutch pedal had to be replaced.
    A few steps above you should try. For the record, do not forget to check the hand brake. Make sure the rate freeze it to function perfectly. It should be noted that given the slip clutch can sometimes give the car back (when climbing) or forward by itself. Under these conditions, it is useful tantu handbrake. Good luck. (Dim)


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  • The car heating system

    Heat is a form of energy which means it cannot be destroyed.The principle of the heating and ventilation system is to transfer enough heat from one point to another.The heater is a devicewhich heats the air entering or already inside the vehicle (recycled air).The heated air is then directed to a combination of different places via a distribution of air ducts within the vehicle.
    There are a number of different methods available to heat the air – exhaust heater, heat as a by-product of combustion, electric heater etc. Generally motor vehicles use heat from combustion which is transferred through water or air depending on whether the engine is water or air cooled.
    If the vehicle is air cooled then a system of shrouds is used to direct the heat from the external surface of the engine, exhaust or in some cases from the lubrication system towards the inside of the vehicle.




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  • Automotive Air-conditioning and
    Climate Control Systems
    Steven Daly
    BEng, BA (Hons), IEng, Cert Ed, MIMI, LAE, MSAE
    Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford
    Paris • San Diego • San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo
    Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier


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  • TIRE

    If you are the owner of the vehicle, whether it's two-wheelers, three, four, or more than four, info wheels on Monday (24/03) of useful. For info about The Rubber Round commonly known by the name of the tire, peel out. There are a few tips that are present on how to treat tire to remain comfortable and durable. Tips are:
    A. Tire sizes and tread patterns must match. On at least one brand as well as having the same characteristics.
    2. Use tires with the same construction (eg of Polyester material or steel).
    3. Tubles tires to be mounted on a special rim for tires tubles. And vice versa. Because the type of tires used tires but using tubelles rim, will result in reduced air pressure. Meanwhile, if you choose to use a tire type tublles, do not force it to use the inner tube. For the high speed hot air inside the tire will quickly rise and the effect of rubber Si explosive round at any time.
    4. Fitting the tires should be adjusted to suit by the outside tire. And if possible use the same brand tires in the tire.
    5. Note also the condition of tires you use on your vehicle.
    How to recognize the condition of the rubber round so easily. Recognize The Rubber Round by looking at the instructions TWI (Thread Wear Indocator). Make figures as a benchmark measure of the TWI. Afterward, you try to measure the thickness of the wheel tracks with a ruler from the bottom of the groove. If less than 2 mm you should immediately replace your tires with new ones.
    Tips above, of course beneficial to you. But there are certainly less so among you who understand the characteristics of the tires sold in the market. It is easy to identify the type of tires you use. Let your attention the tire. On each type of tire will lift or letters written a number that has actually been explained in detail the characteristics of the tire. For example, in a written 195/65R15 92H tires.
    What is listed on the tire sidewall can be categorized as follows:
    A. The figure 195 is a cross section of the tire width directions. The larger the cross section of the tire, the greater the tire treads.
    2. Figures 65 R is an indication of the height of the tire measured from rim to tire cross section attached to the road. The bigger the number the thicker the wall tires also when viewed from outer side (if measured from the rim).
    3. H 92 figures show the minimum and maximum speed of the tire. The larger the numbers shown increase the greater the strength of the tire to a certain speed.
    For the last number mentioned there is little explanation. In the world of The Rubber Round, the manufacturers usually include code standardization tire speed. There are several classification rate specified in each type of tire, the classification is:
    A. TR tires of this type can be used for vehicle speed of about 100 Km / h.
    2. HR tires of this type can be used for vehicles traveling at 210 Km / h.
    3. VR tires of this type can be used on vehicles capable of traveling at the speed of 260 km / h
    4. ZR code indicates that the tires of this type can be used on vehicles capable of traveling at speed 340 km / h.
    Where the code that would ban according to the type of vehicle you have, please you customized. Only, you also notice that you are using tire care what is written above. For one-one tire that you use actually backfire and result in less good.
    As information addition, for those who like to travel there is no harm if given a bit of a Round The liquid rubber patch.
    With the liquid, it is guaranteed Si Rubber Round will be safe. Because the function of the fluid that is taping re-patch the tire is punctured sharp objects. Even in a workshop said that for this type of nail with a length of 10 mm that pierced the tire can hold. Oh yes, if you feel afraid of these fluids will damage the inside of the tire, you do not need to worry.
    It is precisely to protect the liquid inside the tire at the same time you protect the rim from scratches. The way to clean it was fairly easy, you just spray water on the inside of the tire, or wiping the inside of the rim with a dry cloth. Easy is not it? Well who shelled out information about the world around The Round Rubber above we hope can be useful for you. Because understand, the conditions are uncertain as it is now useful tips and tricks of any kind must want to get. Especially how to be stand up durability of the tire. Not so is not it? ...


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  • 2010 Lincoln MKT

    “The MKT is fully differentiated from the Flex,” claims chief engineer Ron Heiser. That’s a bit of hyperbole, since they share the same platform (one which Heiser points out has superb crash performance) and basic chassis
    tuning. But his point is well-taken, because everything you see and touch both inside and outside the MKT—which closely hews to the MKT Concept from last year’s Detroit show—has little to nothing in common with the Flex. Indeed, chief designer Gordon Platto takes visible pleasure from pointing out the MKT’s features: “This is the fi rst time we’ve actually fully integrated the grille from the [2007] MKR Concept. We’ve combined it with zero-offset bumpers for a smooth exterior.
    Inside, we use the same cut-and-sew leather and wood trim as in the MKS sedan, and our ‘fl oating armrest’ is also from the MKR and allows us to offer contrast-color inserts later.”
    When it goes on sale late this summer, the Ontario-built, glassroofed, seven-passenger crossover will be offered in front- or all-wheeldrive guise, powered by a 267-hp, 268-lb-ft, 3.7-liter V-6 mated to a six-speed paddleshift transmission. The optional EcoBoost V-6 bumps both power and torque to about 350 and comes with standard all-wheel drive and its own 20-inch wheel design (twenties are also available with the base V-6). Thus equipped, the MKT tips the scales at a whopping 5250 pounds, but Heiser points out weight-saving measures, such as a “huge piece” of magnesium in the tailgate that saved twenty pounds and the use of cast magnesium for the superstructure that holds the radiator. Pricing hasn’t been announced, but Lincoln says the $41,750 Acura MDX and the $44,325 Audi Q7 are its primary targets. — jd



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  • Brake Oil: Do not Think Trivial Brake

    SYSTEM braking on motor vehicles is clearly not familiar with the standard and luxury cars, antique cars and the output current. Anyway, when driven at high speeds or when walking slowly, the vehicle must be stopped because it had to be stopped or because there is an obstacle that suddenly appeared in front of the vehicle.
    IF offensive braking system, in addition to a number of devices that are attached to the vehicle such as using a drum brake system or use a disc (disc brake), it still brake fluid (brake fluid) are the mainstay of which should receive attention, particularly related to the time of the traction braking.
    The presence of imported cars or cars with cutting-edge engine technology powered lately emphasized to the owners or drivers of motor vehicles for a more detailed understanding of what it called the brake fluid. This warning is important not to suddenly when the brake pedal, the car continues to move reluctant to be stopped.
    It's nothing, especially imported cars, with a large capacity engine power, braking systems clearly need a more adequate and more reliable. Moreover, the car has antilock brake system using the system (ABS). This is closely related to the type of brake fluid is used, which is certainly different from the brake fluid used a variety of small motorized vehicles are mostly standard passing on the road this country.
    "Usually a car with ABS systems use a type of brake fluid with DOT higher," said Soelistyo Wibowo, a mechanic who had been handling the cars output PT Indomobil Suzuki International Commerce. DOT department of transportation is the alias on the classification of brake fluid which obviously can not be ignored.
    DOT has become increasingly important as today's latest cars are not just using the ABS system, but is equipped with electronic brake-force distribution (EBD) which electronically helps distribute brake fluid to each wheel so as to obtain an equivalent braking system. This prevents the brakes when the car spun.

    DOT Classification quality shows the existing brake fluid, which means also the ability in the effectiveness of vehicle braking. "The cars with large engine power obviously requires DOT brake fluid with a higher classification because it can last up to a very high boiling point which occurs during braking," said Basuki Rachmad, manager of product planning at PT Toyota Astra Motor.
    Brake fluid is glycol ether-based chemicals capable of reaching the boiling point to 250 degrees Celsius. "Because at the time of braking when the car in high speed, the temperature in the drum, brake lining, brake fluid and can reach very high temperatures. Anyway at night brake lining could be seen glowing red," said Basuki Rachmad encountered during the launch of Toyota Avanza earlier this year.
    Classification of brake fluid commonly found in the market is DOT 3. Standard cars, such as Japan car output, typically using DOT 3 brake fluid this classification. The latest cars with a great engine technology with tremendous power output requires a higher DOT classification, such as DOT 4 or DOT 5.
    European output of cars or the United States (U.S.), for example, most have used DOT 4. Can not be denied, the car with the use of DOT 4 brake fluid types will feel lighter in braking. Power grip is also more effective. Similarly, the brake fluid DOT 5 or higher.
    That said, racing Formula I cars, known as the pole using the brake fluid with DOT classification of 6 or 7. Thus, when Michael Schumacher in his Ferrari, he could immediately reduce the rate of the car is being driven at speeds approaching 300 kilometers per hour. Remain functional brake Formula I even put a halt to the boiling point was reached very high, knowing that the speed of close to 300 kilometers per hour.
    Intriguing question, whether the car with DOT 3 brake fluid types can be replaced with DOT 4 brake fluid





    or let the higher the braking effectiveness? Or conversely, a car that uses a type of DOT 4 brake fluid is used as the output current cars of Europe or the U.S. can not simply be replaced with DOT 3 brake fluid type?
    "You'd better stick with the recommended type of brake fluid manufacturers," said Wibowo Soelistyo as he claimed not to know what effect if replace the type of DOT 3 brake fluid to DOT 4 or vice versa. "Clearly, the suggestion of using the plant type DOT 3 brake fluid because it has adapted to the various braking systems devices, such as pipes or rubber on the brake master," he said.
    A definite type of DOT 3 brake fluid has a boiling point and viscosity (viscosity) at high and low temperatures are different types of DOT 4 brake fluid. These differences also affect the ability of the brake fluid in brake components to protect from rust. Chemical compounds in brake fluid, such as antioxidants and antifoam, useful or rubber seals to protect the lasting power. In fact, these compounds can also minimize the presence of air bubbles in the pipeline or that could result in brake master brake tension.
    If so, of course, the desire to replace the owner or driver of DOT 3 brake fluid to DOT 4 brake so that the grip is actually wrong. That may occur, use DOT 4 with a higher quality chemical compounds can cause the brake pipeline ruptured due to the ability of a high boiling point and the pressure that comes across clearly higher than DOT 3 brake fluid. Thus, the mean brake also be relieved.
    So it is taboo if you use DOT 4 brake fluid type and then going to be replaced with DOT 3 brake fluid. What happens is that the braking effectiveness is reduced because the driving force and a lower boiling point. In fact, cars with DOT 4 brake fluid are the cars with large engine power capabilities and thus require a more adequate braking effectiveness. Not to mention the demands of the latest technology in braking systems, such as ABS and EBD.
    Long story short, often car owners, especially of the upper classes, entrusting his vehicle maintenance is included in the brake fluid to the authorized repair shop. Thus, the guarantee will be used brake fluid remain as recommended by the manufacturer. However, not infrequently there are persons, whether drivers or workers' workshop, a rogue. Understandably, DOT 4 brake fluid type or types of higher DOT rare and more expensive too. So, it should be aware. (Pieter P Gero)



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  • Zinc coated steel — PVD coatings

    The next change with respect to zinc coating steel technology relates to the perennial problem of pick-up of zinc particles/build-up of zinc on press tools, and accelerated electrode tip wear due to alloying of molten zinc with the copper-rich spot welding electrodes. These aspects must be addressed if efficiency of all links of the process chain are to be improved. In a recent BRITE-EURAM collaborative project6 it has
    been demonstrated that using physical vapour deposition techniques coatings as low as 4–5 microns can be deposited which give advantages with respect to both press performance and electrode tip life. Although presenting a challenge in terms of the production of strip wide enough for automotive production this has already been shown as a viable alternative method of zinc deposition in Japan7 and the economics approach those of the electrogalvanizing process. The advantage of the process as proven in the joint European project was that alloyed layers of zinc plus elements such as Ti, Cr and manganese could be deposited which proved to show enhanced corrosion resistance compared with standard automotive quality zinc coated steel.
    The direction of this work must now be redirected to optimize preferred alloying elements, the format of sandwich layers, and regarding the processing parameters such as the nature of the vapour itself. Initial indications show that this unique method of alloying could eventually lead to a product which answers all the questions posed – cost, coating integrity, corrosion resistance and processability.


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  • Materials for Automobile Bodies
    Geoff Davies F.I.M., M.Sc. (Oxon)
    AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD
    PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO


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  • Extend Car Clutch

    EXCEPT brakes, tires, there are other important parts of the car that need attention, namely the clutch. Coupling serves to connect and disconnect the engine speed transmission. To extend the life of the clutch, to know its ways in order to use the clutch done correctly.
    Some parts of the coupling of these components of the clutch plate (clutch disc), sun (clutch cover), release bearing and pilot bearing. The most frequent damage is a clutch plate or clutch disc. Because of the vital functions it is important to be treated and maintained properly.
    Here are some ways to stay fit and coupling conditions of long-lived, namely:
    First, while on the ramp, you should not step on the clutch half. Such conditions would lead to a rapid clutch wear. Better to use handbrake and transmission neutralized, if there are obstacles on the road uphill.
    Secondly, try not to step on the clutch pedal is too long. This is to avoid friction plate clutch with clutch closed and wheels successor. If left unchecked, will have a hot clutch plates so likely to be quickly worn out and damaged.
    Third, oil clutch. If an interruption in oil clutch, pedal stepped on, can be relieved.
    This can cause malfunction of the transmission gearshift. As a result, the car can not run.
    Fourth, should avoid the muddy street, because when there is slippage will cause rapid clutch wear.
    Fifth, if in a state of red-light transmission better neutralized.
    Sixth, avoid stepping on the clutch pedal is too rough. So also when removing it. When done in a way that is abusive, then touch the clutch plates will feel harder. It will accelerate wear and tear.
    Seventh, consider whether the clutch is always full of oil? If it is less visible, check the possibility of leakage. Standard couplings usually oil consumption of approximately 20,000 km. If there is any possible leaks in the rubber and rubber clutch master cylinder clutch release below the break.


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  • FUSES

    A fuse is a device usually used as a protection method that prevents the damage of these circuits connected to a power source. That is why the fuse must be always placed between the power source and the protected load. An accurate election of the fuse is a very important decision that affects not only the security, but also the reliability and the efficiency of an
    electric system. Conventional fuses are activated by the temperature that the fuse reaches in an excessive current situation and can be subdivided in two groups: blow-out fuses and those constructed with materials with a positive temperature coefficient. In both cases, the fusion of the device is caused by the calorific power generated by the power dissipation.
    A fuse is designed to correctly dissipate the heat generated by a current under normal conditions, reaching a stationary temperature quite below the melting temperature; when the equilibrium disappears and the temperature exceeds the fuse melting temperature, the fuse melts.
    It is well known that the heat generated in the fuse needs time to be transferred to the environment and that the dissipated power is I2Rfuse. It can be deduced from this that the activation energy needed by a concrete fuse at a particular room-temperature is always the product I2t.
    According to this, it is normal that the I-t curves look like the ones depicted in  Figure 1.6, where curve (II) represents a slow blow-out fuse and curve (III) represents a faster one.
    Conventional fuses are destroyed when any working point of the I-t curve is reached.
    To come back to a normal operational situation, after the disappearance of the problem that caused the overcurrent, a new fuse must be put in place. This requirement represents a big problem that new electric systems try to overcome.
    At the moment, two different circuit-protection devices that offer reusability are being developed: the Polymeric Positive Temperature Coefficient (PPTC) fuse and the Smart Power Switch (SPS).



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  • Handbook of
    Automotive Power
    Electronics
    and Motor Drives
    Edited by
    Ali Emadi
    Illinois Institute of Technology
    Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
    Boca Raton London New York Singapore
    A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the
    Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.
    © 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC


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