BEAUTIFUL VIEW

BEHAVIOR
Carries half of a foursome around 18 holes and to the 19th hole as well. It

HABITAT

You find these fun-driving machines on golf courses and in retirement communities, especially in Arizona and California.

HOW IT WORKS

Electric motors or gasoline engines propel this buggy up to 15 miles per hour. Low-pressure tires spread the weight of the cart and cargo so not to damage grass. Even so, it is against the rules to drive on a putting green.

Golf carts have automatic transmissions that change the effective gear ratio from about 3:1 at low speeds to 1:1 at high speeds. The clutch has two parts: one attached to the crankshaft and the other to the shaft that powers the differential and turns the wheels. They are connected by a drive belt. The two clutches change in opposite ways as the engine speeds up. The one attached to the engine forces the belt to ride on a larger diameter shaft, and the one that powers the wheels moves onto a lower diameter shaft. At low engine rpms the engine turns three times for every revolution of the wheels, providing power. At higher engine rpms the engine turns once for each revolution of the wheels to provide speed. This magic is made possible with ingenious centrifugal weights and springs.

Gasoline engine golf carts have governors to limit the speed of the engine. The governor is there to prevent damage to the engine and not to limit your speedy driving. Some carts have a spring device that limits how far the accelerator can be pushed. Others limit the throttle by means of a device connected to the clutch that powers the drive wheels. A third type controls the spark plugs electronically.

A field guide to automotive technology

Ed Sobey

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Your windshield wipers suddenly halting or no longer function normally? Let's not let such conditions continue. You see, wipers like that can damage or scratch your windshield. Moreover, if the rubber is contained on your wipers are no longer able to function as a windshield wiper or cleaner perfectly.

Choked or breakdown of the wiper can be caused by or pivot on the wiper that has been worn or damaged. If you are experiencing it means wipers had to be replaced with new ones. Likewise, if the rubber in your wiper is damaged. You should immediately replace with new ones.

Before making such changes, should you need to first know what type of wipers. Basically the type of wiper consists of two pieces.

First, the wiper has a kind of knob lock is red or black plastic. To remove the wiper of this type, press the knob down so you can slide the rubber blade of the clip frame.

Second is the type of wiper with a more sophisticated model. Wiper This model has a simple lock mechanism. Simple lock mechanism allows the tip of the blade can be curved downward. Up regardless of the grooves that hold the clip from the chassis, so that the blade can be removed and removed from the framework.

As for replacing the wiper with a new one, do the opposite of how to remove the wiper. If you have wiper has two plastic knob, how to set it up can be done by pressing the knob down so that the new wiper blade rubber you can plug right on the chassis clips.

Meanwhile, if your wipers are a more sophisticated model, then you must remove the key with arching blade tip down, so that the clip detached from the chassis. After that you can do the installation of a new wiper on the clip.

If the new wiper installation procedure you have done, the important thing to remember is to always put all the clips contained on the wipers. Whatever kind you use the wipers.

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In 1970, the Mustang Boss 302 was in its second year. Its 302-cubic -inch V-8 used cylinder heads from the 351 Cleveland V-8 and was rated at 290 hp. This pristine example, a numbersmatching car that

underwent a rotisserie restoration earlier this year, is owned by Mike Friedlander of Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Given how enthusiastically Ford has mined the Mustang’s rich history, it was only a matter of time before we would see the Boss nameplate again. Well, the time has come: Ford rolled out the new Mustang Boss 302 (for static display only) at the historic races at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca in California. The car will rumble into dealerships next spring as a 2012 model. The corral of high-performance Mustangs is getting crowded. After all, the Mustang GT is newly fortifi ed with 412 hp from its recently introduced 5.0-liter engine, and the Mustang Shelby GT500 pounds out 550 hp from its supercharged 5.4-liter V-8. So one might reasonably wonder where the Boss 302 fi ts in. The short answer is: between the two, in both price and performance. But the more in-depth answer is that this car isn’t supposed to be merely an intermediate step in a hierarchy of hopped-up Mustangs; it’s actually something racier, more hard-core, and really, really cool.

Like its 1969 namesake—which was essentially a street version of the SCCA Trans-Am race car—the

new Boss 302 was designed with an eye toward the track. That’s particularly true of the Boss 302 Laguna

Seca edition, a limited-production, streetable track version that tosses out the back seats in favor of additional

body sti eners and features an even more extreme chassis setup.

Both the standard Boss 302 and the Laguna Seca move the Mustang away from a traditional, Detroitstyle

muscle car that is focused on 0-to-60-mph performance fi rst and handling second. Instead, the dictum

with the Boss was to create “the best-handling Mustang ever.” Mustang engineers also aimed to increase

power output not with a heavy—though e ective— supercharger, but instead by getting the 5.0-liter

V-8 to rev more freely. They also wanted to give it more power in the upper rev ranges, consistent with how the Boss will likely be used on a track.

Thus, changes to the 5.0-liter V-8 were not just to increase its output but also to alter its nature. Not surprisingly, the modifi cations are extensive. There’s a new intake manifold and ported cylinder heads for

better breathing. An engine oil cooler, a lighterweight valvetrain, forged (rather than cast) aluminum pistons, and forged connecting rods are designed to handle higher engine speeds. Ford engineers used the Boss 302R

racing car as a development test bed, and, based on their experience at the track, they revised the road car’s radiator to improve engine cooling and added ba es to the oil pan to prevent oil starvation.

The net result of all these changes is an engine redline that has been raised by 500 rpm to 7500 rpm and an increase in power output from 412 hp to 440 hp at 7500 rpm—at a cost of 10 lb-ft of peak torque, with the Boss 302’s V-8 rated at 380 lb-ft at 4500 rpm.

One of the more interesting aspects of the Boss engine is its exhaust system. Supplementing the standard Mustang GT’s dual exhausts are two additional pipes that exit just ahead of the rear wheels. These side exhaust outlets incorporate metal discs that keep the sound at legal levels— but they are removable, should the owner want something louder. The Boss is plenty vocal even with the discs in place, as the induction

sound tube has been retuned and eleven pounds of sound deadening have been stripped out.

The engine sends power rearward via an upgraded clutch with a steel-backed disc and a short-throw, close-ratio sixspeed manual (no automatic is available).

Whereas the Mustang GT has a 3.31:1 fi - nal-drive ratio, the Boss gets a 3.73:1 unit, with carbon-fi ber friction plates in its limited slip; a Torsen rear axle is standard on the Laguna Seca model and is optional

(bundled with Recaro seats) on the regular Boss 302.

Any car expecting to see racetrack duty needs serious brakes, and so the Boss upgrades from the Mustang GT’s 13.2-inch front discs to the GT500’s fourteen-inch vented front discs and four-piston Brembo

calipers. The GT’s standard 11.8-inch rear rotors are retained, but the pad material is upgraded. Brake lines have been sti ened to improve pedal feel. The Laguna Seca additionally receives front brake-cooling

ducts—they’re available as an accessory for the standard Boss 302.

As expected, the Boss features fi rmer springs, antiroll bars, and suspension bushings, but the car takes the driver-tunable racing aspect one step further with manually adjustable front and rear dampers. The

fronts are accessible from under the hood  and the rears from in the trunk; drivers can use a screwdriver to select one of fi ve sti - ness settings. Position 1 is equivalent to a GT with the Brembo brake package, while

positions 2 through 5 are progressively sti er. The Laguna Seca’s softest setting (1) matches the Boss 302’s fi rmest setting (5). The steering e ort is also driver-adjustable. Electric power steering was introduced

with the 2011 model year, and as in the Mustang GT, drivers can choose among three e ort levels. Similarly, the traction and stability control systems include a competition mode that allows greater drift

angles, or they can be shut o entirely. The tire and wheel package consists of nineteen-inch aluminum alloys for both cars. The Boss 302 wheels, painted black, are nine inches wide in the front and 9.5 inches in the rear and are wrapped in Pirelli PZero rubber; the Laguna Seca wheels are another half-inch wider in back, are fi nished in orange and silver, and use R-compound PZeros.

Ford likes to say that the Boss isn’t just a sticker-and-wheel package. True enough, but that doesn’t mean that exterior graphics have been ignored. Indeed, the huge C-stripe on the side is an unmistakable homage to the original 1969 Boss. The stripe color (black or white) is repeated on the hood and the roof. Additional exterior design elements include a front splitter, a rear wing, and a grille with blanked-out foglight holes (why not just design a newgrille?). Body colors are red, blue, orange, yellow, or white. The Laguna Seca gets red

graphics, with additional color splashes on the grille surround and mirror caps. Its base body colors are black or silver only. It also has more extreme aero aids, taken directly from the 302R racing car.

(Automobile Magazine)

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Components of this one made ​​of rubber material. The shape is round with a length as needed. His job is vital, such as turning the alternator, engine cooling systems and air conditioning systems (AC). But if to break up, guaranteed to bother the driver.

Prior to the things that are not desirable, how to detect it quite easily. First, check the estrangement by using index finger. Then press with little effort. If it comes a bit loose, should be aware.

Then check the condition of V-belt itself. If the conditions encountered torn or cracked, you should immediately

be replaced. Or follow the instructions in accordance with the vehicle inspection book.

However, it is advisable to bring a spare V-belt on every car. Especially for vehicles that are often taken long trips. So, if at any time there is damage, it can be replaced immediately.

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BEHAVIOR

It’s a car. It’s a boat. No, it’s both! It drives on land and water.

HABITAT

Mostly found now in Amphicar shows or rallies organized by enthusiasts, you rarely get to see them on the road.

HOW IT WORKS

A 43 HP Triumph motor powers both the wheels and two small propellers that protrude from the rear end. This rearmounted motor gives the amphibious car a top land speed of 70 mph and top water speed of 8 mph. It has no rudder and steers by the driver turning the front wheels.

The car is watertight so the occupants and their luggage are kept dry. But just in case, it does have a bilge pump. As a motorized boat  and car, an Amphicar needs to be licensed for both. Not practical for most driving or boating applications, but in some cases it is an ideal compromise vehicle. Fewer than 4,000 were ever produced, all between 1962 and 1967 in Berlin.

Amphicars made some significant ocean crossings: from Africa to Europe and from England to France. The Amphicar was not the first automotive amphibian and not the last. Very recently a UK company has developed high speed amphibious technology and is selling amphibious cars called Aquada.

Instead of propellers, the Aquada uses a water jet for propulsion. An engine spins impeller blades that accelerate water and push it out the rear of the car/boat. Steering is accomplished through a nozzle that can

swivel. To go in reverse, the impeller spins in the opposite direction. Besides going much faster across the lake than an Amphicar (as fast as 30 mph), the water jet is safer since it has no external blades that spin.

The Aquada also has retractable wheels to reduce the water drag.

Pushing one button retracts the wheels and disconnects them from the engine. When you come to the shore, drop the wheels and drive home. If you buy one, please give me a ride.

INTERESTING FACTS

Purchased new from 1962 and 1967, Amphicars cost less than $3,500. In 2006 a used Amphicar was sold for over $100,000.

A field guide to automotive technology

Ed Sobey

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Fuel price increase will certainly impact on the increasing number of costs to drive. These are some tips to minimize fuel consumption while driving a car.

• In manual transmission, the amount of fuel flowing from fuel tank to the engine is a function of stamping on the accelerator pedal (gas pedal). Getting stepped on, the faster the flow of fuel to the engine. To minimize fuel consumption, we need as much as possible to minimize the stamping on the accelerator pedal / gas.

• When picking up speed in the car with manual transmission, replace the transmission quickly. Or in other words, use the transmission as high as possible but still keep the power from the engine. If the higher transmission requires a stamping on the gas pedal a little more, then change to a higher transmission. The opposite is also true, if a lower transmission requires a stamping on the accelerator a little more, then change to a lower transmission, this applies especially if the road or climb under the car was carrying a heavy load.

• Minimize the brake pedal. The use of brakes will convert kinetic energy into heat energy in the brake disc. While the previous car's kinetic energy comes from chemical energy contained in gasoline. For example, if your car drove into an intersection, you should refrain from pressing the gas pedal long before the close to the intersection, move the transmission into neutral and just put the brakes on a car near the intersection after. If you choose to keep improving acceleration, the fuel is wasted into heat will be more.

• When buying a car, choose the automatic transmission cars. Automatic transmission car should be easier to use if we want to save fuel without the need to change your driving habits. Whether or not wasteful fuel consumption on manual transmission cars more discipline depends on the driver.

• When buying a car, choose a light-colored car. Dark-colored car will absorb more wavelengths than light-colored car. This will cause the thermal energy more easily into the dark interior. As a result, dark-colored car air conditioner will work harder to mempernyaman car interiors, either automatically or manually by the driver.

• Avoid traffic jams. Congestion is one of the major sources of waste fuel. If you need to come home from work when the roads were not jammed, or rather take the detour to avoid congestion points. Better yet, use public transportation if possible.

• Park the car in the shade. Or if it can not find the shade, use light reflectors to minimize the heat energy into the car. A hot car interior will make the AC work harder, especially when the new start the car.

• Choose a car with engine size and low number of cylinders. Engine capacity and number of cylinders is not too important. 4-cylinder engine vehicles with 1.3 liter capacity each function with a 6-cylinder car engine capacity of 3 liters. Both can bring yourself to your destination. The biggest difference is that large automobile engines are generally more intensive than gasoline engines small cars.

• If buying a car, choose a new car with the latest technology. The new engine technology is usually more efficient than gasoline cars with old technology.

• Do not be late for an oil change. The longer the use of oil, then power pelumasannya will be minor. As a result, more fuel is converted into heat inside the machine.

• If the later is available in Indonesia, choose a hybrid car. Like conventional cars, hybrid cars have an internal combustion engine. But, in addition, hybrid cars also have a battery and electric engine. Hybrid cars save energy by converting some waste heat energy into electrical energy that can later be used to run the car.

• Use a proven car fuel efficient. In other words, use the Honda City or Jazz.

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General

The above appraisal of designs shows how the choice of material is paramount to achieving today’s objectives and how this choice is widening. Having minimized the weight of a specific design and assuming the best materials have been specified, the next consideration is to optimize material with regard to each link in the chain of processing operations necessary to produce a functional part, and as will be  described in Chapter 4 each of these elements can strongly influence the selection. For instance, complex parts require maximum formability which requires a compromise with strength, realistically placing a maximum at around 300 N/mm2 proof stress, although for simple sections such as door reinforcement beams levels of 1200 N/mm2 may be specified. The constraints imposed by local steelmakers may obviate certain grades

where for instance a bake-hardening or isotropic steel is required, and a restricted choice of coating types may be available. However, despite these minor restrictions apart from obvious exceptions most  manufacturers are maintaining a conservative steel grade policy, requiring only minimal changes in processes, and as has been seen above the use of predominantly aluminium structures is only evident by one or two

of the more adventurous companies who can absorb the extra supply and manufacturing costs. The majority would still prefer the more cautious approach employing the advantages of aluminium for closure or ‘bolt-on’ parts and using the accompanying weight savings to satisfy legislative weight-band requirements or added sports car performance. Many manufacturers are, however, gaining valuable manufacturing experience by building low volume sports models in aluminium, e.g. NSX or BMW Z8 or specific parts Peugeot 607. Once the different disciplines demanded by this less robust material are fully understood and a way is found of absorbing the extra cost it may then find a wider usage. Plastics as referred to later in this section require

much development in an engineering context and only very expensive derivatives fulfil impact and other functional requirements. Until the market price falls then use will be limited to exterior cladding and trim items. Thus, for the main body structure the increasing use of high strength steel will continue to develop and the trend for a typically progressive European car manufacturer such as BMW is shown in Fig. 2.14 – a weight saving of 10–15 per cent being achieved for selective parts via thickness  reduction. Magnesium is now starting to find favour as the quest for lower density materials intensifies, but has been used occasionally in the past, e.g. Austin Maestro gear box covers. The latest interest is for vehicle cross-beams and similar aluminium products as described in the following sections.

Materials for Automobile Bodies

Geoff Davies F.I.M., M.Sc. (Oxon)

AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD

PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO

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Today, almost all types of sedan vehicles using the ordinary kind and radial tires are tubeless (without inner tube). If punctured a nail or other sharp objects, tubeless tires will run out the wind. It is obviously very dangerous in addition to make you upset.

If a flat tire, which take into account is the source of the leak. Unplug the nail or other object that caused the leak. Clean the dirt that is until it is completely clean. Next, remove the remaining air inside the tire until completely dry.

Next, using a spiral screwdriver, find the direction of the hole carefully so as not to create new holes. Screwdriver spiral rotated to the right until a maximum, then pull back the screwdriver to the right as well. Glue or glue chemical vulcanizing fluid Castol on spiral and stick a screwdriver into the hole. Repeat the job twice and set aside some time.

Next take the needle clamp and permacure parts used to clog the hole. Open the wrapper and label glue permacure taste. Place the needle in the middle permacure. Unplug the spiral screwdriver inserted in the hole and carefully stick flops and permacure needle toward the hole as deep as possible. Then unplug immediately. If a large hole, use some permacure.

To smooth the remaining permacure use a knife and wait a while until the glue dried. After that the tire can be pumped as needed.

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Any vehicle powertrain is basically required to (1) develop sufficient power to meet the demands of vehicle performance, (2) carry sufficient energy on-board to support vehicle driving in the given range, (3) demonstrate high efficiency, and (4) emit less environmental

pollutants. Broadly, a vehicle may have more than one energy source and energy converter (power source), such as gasoline (diesel)-IC engine system, hydrogen-fuel cell-electric motor system, and chemical battery-electric motor system. A hybrid vehicle drivetrain consists of two power sources. One is the primary power source and the other is secondary

power. For the purpose of recapturing part of the braking energy, hybrid drivetrain has at least one bidirectional energy source, typically chemical battery-electric motor system. At present, IC engines are the first selection for the primary power source, and perhaps fuel cells in the future.

Architecture of a hybrid vehicle is loosely defined as the connection between the components that define the energy flow routes and control ports. Traditionally, HEVs were classified into two basic types: series and parallel. It is interesting to note that, in 2000, some newly introduced HEVs could not be classified into these kinds [5]; hereby, HEVs are newly classified into four kinds: series hybrid, parallel hybrid, series-parallel hybrid, and complex hybrid, which are functionally shown in Figure 3.1 [4]. In Figure 3.1, a fuel tank-IC engine and a battery-electric motor are taken as the examples of the primary power source (steady power source) and secondary power source (dynamic power source), respectively. Of course, the IC engine can be replaced by other types of power sources, such as fuel cells. Similarly, the batteries can be replaced by ultracapacitors, flywheels, or their combinations.

Handbook of Automotive Power

Electronics and Motor Drives

Edited by

Ali Emadi

Illinois Institute of Technology

Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.

Boca Raton London New York Singapore

A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the

Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.

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Typical connecting rods are shown in Figs 9.1 and 9.2. The connecting rod is generally abbreviated to con-rod. The crankshaft con-rod mechanism transforms reciprocative motion to rotational motion. The con-rod connects the piston to the crankshaft to transfer combustion pressure to the crankpin. There are bearing portions at both ends, the piston side is called the small end, and the crankshaft side, the big end.

The con-rod must withstand very high forces as the piston moves within the cylinder bore. The shaft portion of the con-rod is subjected to bending as well as tension and compression. The bearing portions receive load from the weight of the piston and the con-rod. To avoid failure of the bearings, the con-rod should be made as light as possible. To avoid buckling, the rod portion usually has an I-beam shape because of the high rigidity-to-weight ratio of this shape. Figure 9.3 shows the cross-section.

Although con-rods for both four-stroke and two-stroke engines have an Ibeam

shape, the thickness distribution is slightly different in the two engines. The four-stroke con-rod receives a large tensile load during the exhaust stroke as well as a compressive load during the combustion stroke. The inertial force of the reciprocating mass generates a tensile load which is proportional to the product of the piston assembly weight, reciprocating mass of the con-rod and square of the rotational velocity. It is bigger than the compressive load above a certain rotational speed.

The science and

technology of

materials in

automotive

engines

Hiroshi Yamagata

Woodhead Publishing and Maney Publishing

on behalf of

The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining

CRC Press

Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC

WOODHEAD PUBLISHING LIMITED

Cambridge England

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When we start weak car spark plugs, ignition process in the engine and the car will be running a car crashed into halting. The car that has a spark that was old and weak are usually not easily in starter in the morning and was not powered while driving. Fuel consumption will be higher if the condition of the spark plug is too old. Most spark plugs require replacement every 15 thousand miles or about 24 thousand km.

But usually on new cars that have platinum spark plugs only need to be replaced every 60 thousand miles or about 96 km. If you have an old car, this article will provide input on how to replace your spark plugs properly.

The workings of the two cable plugs are located very close together, making it possible to trigger a spark. Distributor of car engines will continue the flow of electricity that flows through the ceramic casing lining the wire from the spark plug and the other jumped into a grounded wire, to meet the circuit and then start the engine.

When the spark plug was crusty, the electricity would not be a success and will lead to a shortage of cars. This reduction in force will cause some problems with your vehicle, such as the vehicle crashed, halting way, hard in starter and fuel consumption was normal.

To replace the old spark plugs, your vehicle's engine must be cooled first. If your vehicle wears out, wait for approximately two hours after the trip, to make sure it is really cold. To prevent further damage, off your car battery.

Clean the inside of the spark plugs by using a blower. You can use a tire pump or air compressor to clean each cavity to clean dirt, dust or crust. Cleaning the crust by using a blast of air is so important that when the spark plug removed no one falls into the cylinder.

Remove the spark plug wire by turning the rubber cap while pulling. Do not immediately pull the spark plug wires, because it could ruin it. open spark plug from its socket. Spark plug sockets have a rubber coating that will prevent damage to the ceramic casing. Remove the spark plug from the socket by turning it.

Be careful, do not drop anything onto the engine cylinder, piston or head.

Serious damage to the cylinder or head will occur if any foreign object attached to it. New spark plugs in accordance with the specifications of your vehicle's engine must be available. When installing new spark plugs, you should lubricate each spark plug as a treatment step. This will help to further facilitate the replacement of spark plugs.

Required the ability to be able to distinguish each spark plug according to specifications from the manufacturer. You can buy the plugs that match your vehicle at a store that provides genuine spare parts of your vehicle. Install each spark plug in each cylinder on your machine.

Tightly secure new spark plugs, spark plugs you have installed it by using your hands, then by using a key size of a spark plug with spark plugs that you plug it. Install each spark-plug wires on the spark plugs. And then not to forget to change it back after your vehicle mileage has been given above

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Strong enough for a man, but made for a young woman.

SAN DIEGO

HE tC IS SCION’S biggest success. Yes, it’s the brand’s all-time best-selling model, but that’s only half the story. If you remember, the whole point of Scion was to lure younger buyers to Toyota—and the tC’s buyer is the youngest in the industry. At twentyfour years old, he’s about half the age of the average new-car buyer.

Or should we say, “she”? You see, even though the tC initially appealed to male enthusiasts, its buyers gradually skewed female, and the take rate for the manual transmission dropped steadily. So what? A buyer is a buyer, right? Not so, say the marketing folks. As it turns out, you can design a car for guys, and girls will likely buy it, too. But if a model is branded a “chick car”? Well, guys will run in the other direction.

For its second-generation tC, Scion wants to get the stick-shift-buying enthusiast dudes back into the dealerships. And to do that, it put its sport coupe on an emergency lesstrogen program. With styling cues taken from the hypermasculine Fuse Coupe Concept unveiled at the 2006 New York auto show, the 2011 tC looks decidedly less cute and more aggressive.

It remains instantly recognizable as a tC, which is a good thing, because it

means that Scion learned its lesson from the xB, which alienated its young buyers

when it grew substantially for its second generation. The new tC matches its

predecessor in every exterior measurement except width, which has grown by a substantial 1.6 inches. No one ever complains about a sporty car being too wide—and the increased track (up 1.3 inches in front and 2.1 inches at the rear) helps give this tC a more substantial presence.

Standard eighteen-inch wheels don’t hurt, either.

The increased width also helps the interior feel more spacious. The contoured seats are still supportive but are an inch wider than before. A glass dual sunroof is

standard, and—with the exception of a red LED clock that looks straight out of the 1980s—the cabin is modern and attractive.

Unfortunately, the dashboard is a mishmash of hard plastics with three completely di erent grains, and the center armrest is rock hard. The steering wheel, on the other hand, now telescopes in addition to tilting and is a delightfully thick, leather-wrapped, fl at-bottomed a air with standard audio controls. It’s easily the highlight of the interior and is enough to make up for a multitude of material sins.

(Automobile Magazine)

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There is one problem that is often experienced by motorists. Ie: the engine is not strong at-starter. When the ignition key in START `position`, the machine would not turn. Only the sound of `tek ... `tek. As a result, the car was not able to walk.

Based on data from Emergency Roadside Assistance (ERA) AstraWorld, this is indeed the most frequent problems arise. `On average, every month, 30 percent of one thousand units over the ERA is handled this problem,` said Suwarno, Technical and Training Development staff ERA AstraWorld.

Machines that are not strong starter may occur due to battery or battery not save stun or electric current. Why no stun? Typically, the main cause is lack of water stun empty battery. That is, the amount or quantity of battery acid is not as it should be: not a line between low-level and upper level usually indicated on the battery box.

Properly controlled quantity of battery acid. When positioned immediately below the low-level add. Because, battery acid works to help cool the battery cells. Tasks that make battery acid is reduced (evaporates when absorbing heat).

Well, if the water is reduced and the battery is not immediately added, would make the cells inside the curved battery - should these cells are parallel and perpendicular. The curvature of these cells can make a positive and negative plates in contact, which ultimately makes surge. Surge that makes the battery is not able to save the stun.

The other side to check is the battery terminals. Check whether there is corrosion or not. See also wires the positive and negative. Maybe lax or loose. Corrosion and loose wires to make a weak electric current conductivity. Thus, the current flowing to the starter motor is small and not strong enough to rotate the engine.

If the battery water is replenished, corrosion cleaned and tightened the cable but still did not want to be a starter, try the battery jumper ``, or `fished`. You do this by connecting the car battery is not strong starter with another car. Of course, battery capacity must match the two cars. Maybe it's a bit difficult to do because in addition to need another car, also need to jumper cables.

Especially for a car with gears (transmission) manual no alternative. You can trigger the spin machine to propel the vehicle. Try to turn the ignition on position `ON`. Enter the second gear, then stepped on the clutch pedal, then push the car. Once the car reaches a speed of rotation of the tire enough, lepaslah clutch pedal. Properly, so the pedal is released, the engine to life. This too may be a bit difficult because it takes help from others.

If the steps above have been done but the problem remains unsolved, you need not worry. `Call it AstraWorld ERA. Service Agent we will immediately go to the place you're having trouble, 'said Suwarno.

To prevent the engine starter is not strong, according to Suwarno, do routine maintenance on your vehicle battery. As already described above, there are some things that need to be done:

Check the battery water periodically.

Check the battery terminals.

Check the battery cables.

translate fr (astraworld)

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For car with air conditioning (AC), the dew which often interfere with vision glass inside were easily expelled.

Stay operate only air-conditioning systems, and all the fog was going to disappear instantly. However, when the air conditioning system was not working normally, is a bit troublesome.

Rubbing the inside of the glass with a chamois cloth is wet, it can help to dispel the view that the barrier. However, it is also a bit troublesome as well.

But, you do not need to upset first. Apparently, hair shampoo can be used also to rebuke moisture barrier this view.

How, apply a little shampoo on the inside of your windshield evenly, but a thin layer only.

This method is guaranteed to make clear the windshield of your car and do not need to wipe over and over again.

Because of that, there's nothing wrong if you always set up a small bottle of shampoo on the inside of the car when driving in rainy season or out of town.

Else if unwilling operated windshield wiper. For this business, you can take advantage of tobacco cigarettes or other tobacco types.

How, apply this tobacco on the outside of the windshield. It is rather strange, but efficacious been tested.

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Figure 11.2 shows a cutaway of a turbocharger. Turbochargers consist of an exhaust gas-driven turbine and a radial air compressor mounted at opposite ends of a common shaft (Fig. 11.3) and enclosed in cast housings. The shaft itself is enclosed and supported by the center housing, to which the compressor and turbine housings are attached. The turbine section is composed of a cast turbine wheel, a wheel heat shroud and a turbine housing, with the inlet on the outer surface of the turbine housing. It  functions as a centripetal, radialor mixed-inflow device in which exhaust gas flows inward, past the wheel blades, and exits at the center of the housing. The expanded engine exhaust gas is directed through the exhaust manifold into the turbine housing. The exhaust gas pressure and the heat energy extracted from the gas cause the turbine wheel to rotate, which drives the compressor wheel. The Ni-based super alloy Inconel 713C (see Table 11.1) is widely used for the turbine wheel.4 A typical microstructure is shown in Fig. 11.4. GMR235, which reduces costs by increasing the iron content, is also used. For much higher temperatures, Mar-M247 is used. The response and combustion efficiency of the wheel in acceleration is related to the inertial moment, a function of the weight. The lower the weight, the lower the inertial moment  and therefore the faster the response. Ceramic wheels5 have been developed, but low toughness means that the blades must be thick, making it less easy to adjust the weight. A wheel made from the intermetallic compound TiAl by investment casting has been marketed.6 It has a specific gravity of 3.9 g/cm3, which is much lower than ordinary titanium alloy, and a tensile strength as high as 600 MPa at 700 °C.

The compressor section is composed of a cast compressor wheel, a backplate and a compressor housing, with the inlet at the center of the compressor housing. It is a centrifugal or radial-outflow device, in that the air flows outward, past the wheel blades, and exits at the outer edge of the housing. The rotating compressor wheel draws ambient air through the engine’s air filtration system. The blades accelerate and expel the air into the compressor housing, where it is compressed and directed to the engine intake manifold through ducting. The compressor wheel does not have such a high heat resistance requirement, so a cast aluminum wheel (C355) is widely used. A cast Ti-6Al-4V alloy is also used for heavy-duty commercial diesels.

The science and technology of materials in automotive engines

Hiroshi Yamagata

Woodhead Publishing and Maney Publishing

on behalf of

The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining

CRC Press

Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC

WOODHEAD PUBLISHING LIMITED

Cambridge England

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Polite traffic in our country had been so long since we forget. Understandably, to obtain a driver's license (SIM) in this country, its size is not a skill to bring a motor vehicle. Origin have ID cards and money, guaranteed to get a card that is often referred to earlier times rebues it. Let alone how to drive properly, use dim lights and horn are many drivers who do not understand procedures. Can not believe? Observe the habits of the driver's course at the Toll Road or Toll Jagorawi Cikampek Jakarta. Perhaps, a hundred drivers that exist, there is only no more than 5 people who actually deserve the SIM.

According to traffic regulations in the international world, which is also contained in Law Number 14 year 1992 regarding the following traffic regulations that accompany it, the horn and dimmer should only be used when an emergency only. Properly, you should immediately turn off or dim lights remotely when you are at the first opportunity passed by other riders from the front.

When other drivers using dimmer-kedim flashing, that means he gives priority to you to move first. However, this sign is sometimes the opposite effect in our country. This is misguided.

When you follow another vehicle behind him, was not allowed to turn on the lights dim. Because, in this way can be dazzling vehicle that we follow, and of course very dangerous. Conversely, if we know the other vehicle followed behind who want to precede, while the left lane allows it to be used, preferably a vehicle that immediately precedes it wanted a chance to overtake. However, if heavy traffic, keep track of your path through the Switch, it is allowed, but must be done after the track is completely safe.

Only problem, the correct way traffic, it has become a rare commodity in this country. When someone wants to drive the right, the e ... can even ridicule. A reckless, even got a cheer. However, there is no harm in politely cultural traffic began to develop as we grow again. Remember! Better a little late origin survived.

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Driving at night is sometimes more fun. The air is not hot, and usually the traffic situation is more swing than during the day. However, this work is sometimes dangerous that you need much more careful. Here are some hints that you should look, for your own safety and other motorists.

1. To note is that you must see and be seen clearly. Convince, lights, your car's rearview mirror berdungsi well and is clean.

2. When driving at night, always use big lights and do not get used to use a small light when darkness fell. To be more secure, use a nail markings (delineator) and markers guide (guide post) as a reference in driving.

3. You can see better with the high beam up to 100 m visibility. However, keep in order not to dazzle other people who come from opposite directions. If you ignore, distant car headlights can dazzle other motorists you to lose control. Not only other people who can hurt, it could be going to hurt yourself. But, if you use a lamp short, do not drive your car more than 65km/jam. Notice that!

4. Above all else, if sleepy immediately stop your car. A short break, popping out of the car is a powerful way drive drowsy.

OK.....Hopefully survived until the goal

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The import brands—especially Honda and Toyota—have done an  excellent job providing small-car buyers with good basic transportation. Now it’s Chevy’s turn to prove that there is life beyond Civics and Corollas. The new Chevy Cruze is the small car with greater aspirations.

The Cruze delivers the essentials—an attractive price, low operating costs, and impeccable durability—with attributes that both the Civic and the Corolla lack.

• So much extra interior and trunk room that the EPA lists the Cruze in its mid-size category.

• Ten air bags, antilock brakes, and StabiliTrak stability control are all standard for maximum safety.

• Standard OnStar and XM radio with trial subscription.

• Exceptional highway fuel economy, plus a special Eco model that gets 40 mpg on the highway.

• A wealth of options such as DVD navigation, leather trim, a Pioneer nine-speaker sound system, Bluetooth

connectivity, a handy USB audio interface port, ultrasonic parking assist, and 18-inch aluminum wheels.

Chevrolet’s confi dence in the Cruze rests on the fact that more than 330,000 of them are already on the road

in 60 countries. Prior to its U.S. introduction, the Cruze will have logged more than 4 million test miles.

With the goal of providing the compact class’s smoothest, quietest ride, 30 acoustical treatments were developed, including body cavities fi lled with sound-absorbing foam, a fi ve-layer headliner, and reinforced door structures. Limiting the gaps between exterior panels to less than an eighth of an inch yields a long-lasting, top-quality appearance.

The Cruze’s claim to fame will be providing superior value as the best compact car not much money can buy.

(Automobile Magazine)

storemags & fantamag - magazines for all

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Plurality sedan type passenger car, always use a front-wheel drive system. Understandably, this method does have many advantages over conventional methods that use rear-wheel drive. Besides being able to reduce the effects of oversteering, FWD cars that use the system is also much simpler construction. You see, transmission and gardannya can be made into a unity so great savings.

Just persoalnya, shaft or front-wheel drive as this is often problematic. Because the center pedestal and wheel rotation is indeed a complicated rada construction in order to anticipate the rise and fall motion must be designed to allow the front wheels can be deflected. That is why, the front axle is always equipped with a special connection commonly known as a kind velocity joint or joint cross the plural is used in rear-wheel drive car.

At the connection point is often problematic. For example, a rubber boot axle broke. If, allowed to continue, then the dust, sand, or other debris will enter into a ball of steel connections is quite expensive. Of course, the steel ball is guaranteed not broken the tempo for a while. Because of that, immediately replace the rubber axle boot was torn know if it is leaking. Try, first check on your car

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The progess made in the development of engineering structures over the last century has been dealt with expertly elsewhere2 and with regard to recent model programmes the significant use and benefits of FEM techniques (basic introduction summarized below) in shortening delivery times is emphatic.

However, as these become more complex, the more need there is for input detail such as material properties. As well as physical properties the need also exists for empirical data regarding material behaviour in diverse engineering situations and it is important that past designs and associated materials performance is analysed and ‘rules’ extracted for future design purposes and use in numerical form when required. In general terms the same developments have been evident on a worldwide scale, although size is a feature of American built vehicles, and the needs of mass production technology, reaching global proportions, have perhaps influenced the Japanese design philosophy (robot access, automation). Therefore although written from a UK perspective, with its foreign ‘transplant’ influences over the years the following content probably mirrors the worldwide trends and requirements for body materials in the future

Materials for Automobile Bodies

Geoff Davies F.I.M., M.Sc. (Oxon)

Butterworth-Heinemann

An imprint of Elsevier

Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP

200 Wheeler Road, Burlington MA 01803

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